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+# macOS-web 纯 Vue 重构手册
+
+> **目标**：去除原生 JS 思路和实现，去掉 `window` 全局调用，将项目改造为纯 Vue 3 项目。
+> **范围**：全量重构，不考虑成本。
+
+---
+
+## 目录
+
+1. [现状诊断](#1-现状诊断)
+2. [目标架构](#2-目标架构)
+3. [前端架构设计](#3-前端架构设计)
+4. [重构总路线](#4-重构总路线)
+5. [阶段一：基础设施层](#5-阶段一基础设施层)
+6. [阶段二：系统 UI 组件化](#6-阶段二系统-ui-组件化)
+7. [阶段三：窗口管理器现代化](#7-阶段三窗口管理器现代化)
+8. [阶段四：应用层优化](#8-阶段四应用层优化)
+9. [阶段五：清理与收尾](#9-阶段五清理与收尾)
+10. [附录：新旧对照表](#10-附录新旧对照表)
+
+---
+
+## 1. 现状诊断
+
+### 1.1 双渲染系统并存（核心问题）
+
+| 层 | 当前渲染方式 | 问题 |
+|---|---|---|
+| **系统 UI 层**（菜单栏/Dock/对话框/菜单/通知/Spotlight/控制中心/锁屏/屏保/启动界面） | `el()` 命令式 DOM 构建 + `$()` 直接 DOM 查询 | 非 Vue，绕过虚拟 DOM |
+| **窗口 chrome 层**（traffic lights/标题栏/resize handles） | `el()` 命令式 DOM 构建 | 非 Vue |
+| **应用层**（Finder/Calculator/Safari 等 33 个应用） | Vue 3 SFC + `h()`/`render()` 手动挂载 | 部分合理 |
+| **容器层**（DesktopArea/MenuBarArea 等） | Vue 模板（仅作为 DOM 挂载锚点） | 合理 |
+
+### 1.2 原生 JS 使用分布
+
+| 模块 | 原生 API | 严重度 |
+|---|---|---|
+| `useSys.ts` (~800 行) | `$`, `$$`, `el`, `addEventListener`, `matchMedia`, `MutationObserver`, `requestAnimationFrame`, `setInterval`, `Image()`, `document.activeElement`, `getBoundingClientRect` | 🔴 最重度 |
+| `useWM.ts` (~400 行) | `el()`, `addEventListener('pointermove/up')`, `document.getElementById`, `document.body.classList`, `setPointerCapture`, `getBoundingClientRect` | 🔴 重度 |
+| `useUI.ts` (~200 行) | `document.createElement/addEventListener/body.append/remove` + `window.innerWidth/innerHeight` | 🔴 全部原生 |
+| `useNotify.ts` (~200 行) | `$`, `$$`, `el`, `setTimeout`, `querySelector` | 🔴 重度 |
+| `useSpotlight.ts` (~150 行) | `$`, `$$`, `el`, `addEventListener`, `navigator.clipboard`, `scrollIntoView` | 🔴 重度 |
+| `useApps.ts` (~120 行) | `document.activeElement`, `document.execCommand`, `navigator.clipboard` | 🟡 中度 |
+| `system/index.ts` (~160 行) | `$`, `$$`, `el`, `document.addEventListener`, 14 个 `window` 全局暴露 | 🔴 重度 |
+| `utils/index.ts` (~100 行) | `document.querySelector/querySelectorAll/createElement` | 🔴 基础依赖 |
+
+### 1.3 关键反模式
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD
+    A["window 全局暴露<br/>14 个全局变量"] --> B["隐式依赖，模块封装破坏"]
+    C["懒引用 lazy ref<br/>let _Sys: any = null"] --> D["循环依赖 workaround<br/>类型不安全"]
+    E["el() 命令式 DOM<br/>微型虚拟 DOM 替代品"] --> F["绕过 Vue 响应式<br/>6+ 模块重度依赖"]
+    G["$('') 直接 DOM 查询"] --> H["绕过 Vue ref 系统"]
+    I["bus.on/emit"] --> J["类型不安全<br/>非 Vue 标准模式"]
+    K["33 个副作用 import"] --> L["无懒加载<br/>全量打包"]
+```
+
+### 1.4 核心循环依赖
+
+```
+useSys ←→ useWM ←→ useApps ←→ useFS
+```
+通过 `setSysRef()` / `setSysForNotify()` / `setAppsRef()` 等 lazy setter 打破。
+
+---
+
+## 2. 目标架构
+
+### 2.1 总览
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD
+    subgraph "Vue 应用入口"
+        main.ts --> App.vue
+    end
+
+    subgraph "状态管理 Pinia"
+        settingsStore["settingsStore<br/>(原 useSettings + useStore)"]
+        fsStore["fsStore<br/>(原 useFS)"]
+        appStore["appStore<br/>(原 useApps 注册表部分)"]
+        wmStore["wmStore<br/>(原 useWM 状态部分)"]
+        notifyStore["notifyStore<br/>(原 useNotify 数据部分)"]
+        sysStore["sysStore<br/>(原 useSys 设置/电源部分)"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "系统 UI 组件（纯 Vue SFC）"
+        MenuBar["&lt;MenuBar /&gt;"]
+        Dock["&lt;Dock /&gt;"]
+        DesktopIcons["&lt;DesktopIcons /&gt;"]
+        Spotlight["&lt;Spotlight /&gt;"]
+        NotificationCenter["&lt;NotificationCenter /&gt;"]
+        ControlCenter["&lt;ControlCenter /&gt;"]
+        LockScreen["&lt;LockScreen /&gt;"]
+        Screensaver["&lt;Screensaver /&gt;"]
+        BootScreen["&lt;BootScreen /&gt;"]
+        ContextMenu["&lt;ContextMenu /&gt;"]
+        DialogLayer["&lt;DialogLayer /&gt;"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "窗口系统"
+        WindowLayer["&lt;WindowLayer /&gt;"]
+        WindowFrame["&lt;WindowFrame /&gt;<br/>(chrome: 标题栏/traffic lights/resize)"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "应用层（懒加载）"
+        AppLoader["&lt;AppLoader /&gt;<br/>defineAsyncComponent"]
+        Finder["Finder.vue"]
+        Safari["Safari.vue"]
+        TxtEdit["...33 个应用"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "组合式函数（纯逻辑，无 DOM）"
+        useKeyboard["useKeyboard（全局快捷键）"]
+        useIdleWatch["useIdleWatch（屏保计时）"]
+        useTheme["useTheme（暗色模式/壁纸）"]
+        useVolume["useVolume（音量控制）"]
+        useEventBus["useEventBus（mitt 替代 bus）"]
+    end
+
+    App.vue --> MenuBar
+    App.vue --> Dock
+    App.vue --> DesktopIcons
+    App.vue --> WindowLayer
+    App.vue --> Spotlight
+    App.vue --> NotificationCenter
+    App.vue --> ControlCenter
+    App.vue --> LockScreen
+    App.vue --> Screensaver
+    App.vue --> BootScreen
+    App.vue --> ContextMenu
+    App.vue --> DialogLayer
+
+    WindowLayer --> WindowFrame
+    WindowLayer --> AppLoader
+```
+
+### 2.2 核心原则
+
+1. **一切 UI 皆 Vue 组件**：不再使用 `el()` 创建任何 DOM 元素
+2. **状态归 Pinia**：跨模块共享状态走 Pinia store，不挂 `window`
+3. **通信走 provide/inject + mitt**：父子用 provide/inject，跨层级用 mitt（类型安全的事件总线）
+4. **无直接 DOM 查询**：用 Vue `ref` / `template ref` 替代 `$()` / `$$()`
+5. **应用懒加载**：`defineAsyncComponent` + 动态 import
+6. **仅保留必要的原生 API**：`pointer events` 拖拽、`localStorage`、`navigator.clipboard` 等不可避免的部分，封装在专用 composable 中
+
+---
+
+## 3. 前端架构设计
+
+### 3.1 组件层级树
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD
+    subgraph "App.vue（根组件）"
+        direction TB
+        A[App.vue]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "Layer 1：背景层 z-0"
+        B1["&lt;OverlayBrightness /&gt;"]
+        B2["&lt;OverlayNightShift /&gt;"]
+        B3["&lt;DesktopArea /&gt;"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "Layer 2：内容层 z-1~99"
+        C1["&lt;WindowLayer /&gt;"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "Layer 3：系统 UI 层 z-100~499"
+        D1["&lt;MenuBar /&gt;"]
+        D2["&lt;Dock /&gt;"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "Layer 4：浮层 z-500~899"
+        E1["&lt;Spotlight /&gt;"]
+        E2["&lt;ControlCenter /&gt;"]
+        E3["&lt;NotificationCenter /&gt;"]
+        E4["&lt;ContextMenu /&gt;"]
+        E5["&lt;DialogLayer /&gt;"]
+        E6["&lt;BannerContainer /&gt;"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "Layer 5：全屏覆盖层 z-900+"
+        F1["&lt;LockScreen /&gt;"]
+        F2["&lt;Screensaver /&gt;"]
+        F3["&lt;BootScreen /&gt;"]
+        F4["&lt;PowerOff /&gt;"]
+    end
+
+    A --> B1 & B2 & B3
+    A --> C1
+    A --> D1 & D2
+    A --> E1 & E2 & E3 & E4 & E5 & E6
+    A --> F1 & F2 & F3 & F4
+
+    C1 --> C1A["&lt;WindowFrame /&gt; ×N"]
+    C1A --> C1A1["&lt;TrafficLights /&gt;"]
+    C1A --> C1A2["&lt;AppLoader /&gt;"]
+    C1A2 --> C1A2A["应用 SFC<br/>(Finder/Safari/...)"]
+```
+
+**z-index 分层规范**：
+
+| 层 | z-index 范围 | 组件 | 说明 |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 背景层 | 0 | OverlayBrightness, OverlayNightShift, DesktopArea | 静态背景，无交互 |
+| 内容层 | 1–99 | WindowLayer → WindowFrame ×N | 窗口动态分配 z-index |
+| 系统 UI 层 | 100–499 | MenuBar(100), Dock(200) | 始终在窗口之上 |
+| 浮层 | 500–899 | Spotlight(500), ControlCenter(510), NotificationCenter(510), ContextMenu(600), DialogLayer(700), BannerContainer(800) | 临时弹出内容 |
+| 全屏覆盖层 | 900+ | LockScreen(900), Screensaver(950), BootScreen(999), PowerOff(998) | 独占式全屏状态 |
+
+### 3.2 数据流架构
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart LR
+    subgraph "数据源"
+        LS[localStorage]
+        UA[用户操作]
+        SYS[系统事件<br/>resize/keyboard/idle]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "Pinia Stores（单一数据源）"
+        direction TB
+        SS["settingsStore<br/>设置/外观/音量/壁纸"]
+        FS["fsStore<br/>虚拟文件系统"]
+        WS["wmStore<br/>窗口状态"]
+        AS["appStore<br/>应用注册表"]
+        NS["notifyStore<br/>通知数据"]
+        US["uiStore<br/>菜单/对话框状态"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "Composables（纯逻辑）"
+        UK[useKeyboard]
+        UI[useIdleWatch]
+        UT[useTheme]
+        UD[useDrag / useResize]
+        UC[useClipboard]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "Vue 组件（视图层）"
+        direction TB
+        MB["&lt;MenuBar /&gt;"]
+        DK["&lt;Dock /&gt;"]
+        SP["&lt;Spotlight /&gt;"]
+        CC["&lt;ControlCenter /&gt;"]
+        NC["&lt;NotificationCenter /&gt;"]
+        WF["&lt;WindowFrame /&gt;"]
+        APPS["33 个应用组件"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "跨组件通信"
+        MITT["mitt 事件总线<br/>(wm:focus, fs:changed,<br/>volume:changed, apps:ready)"]
+        PI["provide / inject<br/>(窗口级上下文)"]
+    end
+
+    LS -->|"watch 持久化"| SS
+    LS --> FS
+    LS --> NS
+
+    UA -->|"@click / v-model"| SS
+    UA --> WS
+    UA --> AS
+    UA --> US
+
+    SYS --> UK
+    SYS --> UI
+    SYS --> UT
+
+    SS -->|"reactive state"| MB
+    SS --> DK
+    SS --> CC
+    SS --> NC
+    SS --> WF
+    SS --> APPS
+
+    WS -->|"reactive state"| WF
+    WS --> DK
+
+    FS -->|"reactive state"| SP
+    FS --> APPS
+
+    NS -->|"reactive state"| NC
+    NS --> DK
+
+    AS -->|"registry lookup"| SP
+    AS --> WF
+    AS --> DK
+
+    US -->|"reactive state"| MB
+    US --> SP
+
+    UK -->|"快捷键路由"| SS
+    UK --> WS
+    UK --> AS
+
+    UI -->|"空闲超时"| SS
+
+    UT -->|"外观变更"| SS
+
+    MITT -->|"事件订阅"| WS
+    MITT --> FS
+    MITT --> DK
+    MITT --> APPS
+
+    PI -->|"窗口上下文"| APPS
+```
+
+**核心数据流原则**：
+
+1. **单向数据流**：`用户操作 → Store 更新 → 组件响应式重渲染`
+2. **Store 是唯一真相源**：所有共享状态必须位于 Pinia store 中
+3. **组件不直接修改其他组件的状态**：通过 store action 或事件总线
+4. **事件总线仅用于通知，不用于状态传递**：`emitter.emit('fs:changed')` 是"文件变了，你们自己去看"，而非"文件变了，这是新数据"
+
+### 3.3 路由与懒加载策略
+
+本项目是**桌面模拟器**，不使用 vue-router（无需 URL 路由）。应用加载使用以下策略：
+
+```typescript
+// src/apps/loaders.ts
+import { defineAsyncComponent, type AsyncComponentLoader } from 'vue'
+
+/**
+ * 应用懒加载映射表
+ *
+ * 策略：
+ * - 核心应用（Finder）→ 立即加载（Eager）
+ * - 系统应用（前 7 个）→ 空闲时预加载（Idle Preload）
+ * - 其他应用 → 按需加载（Lazy）
+ */
+
+// 加载策略枚举
+enum LoadStrategy {
+  Eager,        // 立即加载
+  IdlePreload,  // requestIdleCallback 预加载
+  Lazy,         // 首次打开时加载
+}
+
+export const appLoaders: Record<string, {
+  loader: AsyncComponentLoader
+  strategy: LoadStrategy
+}> = {
+  // === 核心应用（Eager：启动即加载） ===
+  finder: {
+    loader: () => import('./finder/Finder.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.Eager,
+  },
+
+  // === 系统应用（IdlePreload：空闲时后台加载） ===
+  settings: {
+    loader: () => import('./settings/Settings.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.IdlePreload,
+  },
+  safari: {
+    loader: () => import('./safari/Safari.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.IdlePreload,
+  },
+  mail: {
+    loader: () => import('./mail/Mail.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.IdlePreload,
+  },
+  messages: {
+    loader: () => import('./messages/Messages.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.IdlePreload,
+  },
+  music: {
+    loader: () => import('./music/Music.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.IdlePreload,
+  },
+  photos: {
+    loader: () => import('./photos/Photos.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.IdlePreload,
+  },
+  notes: {
+    loader: () => import('./notes/Notes.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.IdlePreload,
+  },
+
+  // === 其他应用（Lazy：按需加载） ===
+  calculator: {
+    loader: () => import('./calculator/Calculator.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.Lazy,
+  },
+  calendar: {
+    loader: () => import('./calendar/Calendar.vue'),
+    strategy: LoadStrategy.Lazy,
+  },
+  // ... 其余 24 个应用
+}
+
+/**
+ * 在 appStore.init() 之后调用，利用浏览器空闲时间预加载常用应用
+ */
+export function initPreload() {
+  const idleLoaders = Object.values(appLoaders)
+    .filter(a => a.strategy === LoadStrategy.IdlePreload)
+
+  idleLoaders.forEach(({ loader }) => {
+    requestIdleCallback(() => {
+      // 触发异步加载但不等待结果
+      ;(loader as () => Promise<any>)()
+    }, { timeout: 3000 })
+  })
+}
+```
+
+**加载状态处理**：
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/wm/AppLoader.vue -->
+<template>
+  <Suspense>
+    <component :is="asyncComp" v-if="asyncComp" :win="win" />
+    <template #fallback>
+      <div class="app-loading">
+        <img :src="win.icon" alt="" class="app-loading-icon" />
+        <div class="app-loading-text">正在加载 {{ win.title }}…</div>
+      </div>
+    </template>
+  </Suspense>
+</template>
+
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+import { defineAsyncComponent } from 'vue'
+import { appLoaders } from '@/apps/loaders'
+
+const props = defineProps<{ win: WinState }>()
+
+const asyncComp = computed(() => {
+  const entry = appLoaders[props.win.appId]
+  if (!entry) return null
+
+  return defineAsyncComponent({
+    loader: entry.loader,
+    loadingComponent: { /* 加载中占位 */ },
+    errorComponent: { /* 加载失败占位 */ },
+    delay: 200,        // 200ms 后才显示 loading
+    timeout: 10000,    // 10s 超时
+  })
+})
+</script>
+```
+
+### 3.4 状态管理设计
+
+#### 3.4.1 Store 职责矩阵
+
+| Store | 拥有的状态 | 不拥有的状态 | 持久化 |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `settingsStore` | 用户设置、外观、音量、壁纸、登录项 | 窗口状态、通知数据 | ✅ localStorage |
+| `fsStore` | 虚拟文件系统树、当前目录 | 应用注册信息 | ✅ localStorage |
+| `wmStore` | 窗口列表、activeWin、z-index、cascade | 窗口 DOM 元素 | ❌ 仅会话 |
+| `appStore` | 应用注册表、打开队列 | 应用内部状态 | ❌ 仅会话 |
+| `notifyStore` | 通知列表、已读状态 | 通知 DOM、横幅定时器 | ✅ localStorage |
+| `uiStore` | 菜单/对话框显隐、位置、回调 | 菜单/对话框 DOM | ❌ 仅会话 |
+
+#### 3.4.2 Store 间依赖规则
+
+```
+settingsStore  ← 无依赖（叶子 store）
+fsStore        ← 无依赖
+notifyStore    ← 依赖 settingsStore（权限检查）
+appStore       ← 依赖 wmStore（open 时创建窗口）
+wmStore        ← 依赖 settingsStore（可用区域计算）、appStore（窗口应用信息）
+uiStore        ← 无依赖
+```
+
+规则：**禁止 Store 间循环依赖**。如果 A 需要 B 的数据而 B 也需要 A 的数据，应提取到第三个 Store C 或使用事件总线解耦。
+
+#### 3.4.3 Pinia 插件：持久化
+
+```typescript
+// src/stores/plugins/persist.ts
+import type { PiniaPluginContext } from 'pinia'
+
+const PERSISTED_STORES = ['settings', 'fs', 'notify']
+
+export function persistPlugin({ store }: PiniaPluginContext) {
+  if (!PERSISTED_STORES.includes(store.$id)) return
+
+  // 初始化：从 localStorage 恢复
+  const saved = localStorage.getItem(`macos-web:${store.$id}`)
+  if (saved) {
+    try { store.$patch(JSON.parse(saved)) } catch { /* ignore */ }
+  }
+
+  // 自动持久化
+  store.$subscribe((_, state) => {
+    localStorage.setItem(`macos-web:${store.$id}`, JSON.stringify(state))
+  }, { detached: true })
+}
+```
+
+### 3.5 事件通信设计
+
+#### 3.5.1 通信方式选型
+
+| 场景 | 方式 | 示例 |
+|---|---|---|
+| 父子组件通信 | `props` + `emits` | `<WindowFrame :win="w" @close="onClose" />` |
+| 祖先→后代（跨层级） | `provide` / `inject` | 窗口级上下文（win 对象、clipboard 等） |
+| 兄弟/任意组件（通知类） | `mitt` 事件总线 | `emitter.emit('fs:changed', { paths })` |
+| 全局状态共享 | Pinia store | `settingsStore.settings.darkMode` |
+| 浏览器级事件 | `composable` 封装 | `useKeyboard()` 监听 keydown |
+
+#### 3.5.2 mitt 事件契约
+
+```typescript
+// src/composables/useEventBus.ts
+import mitt from 'mitt'
+
+// ⚠️ 所有事件必须在此声明类型，保证端到端类型安全
+type Events = {
+  // 窗口事件
+  'wm:focus':    { winId: string; appId: string }
+  'wm:changed':  void
+  'wm:closed':   { winId: string }
+
+  // 文件系统事件
+  'fs:changed':  { paths: string[] }
+  'trash:changed': void
+
+  // 系统事件
+  'apps:ready':  void
+  'volume:changed': number
+  'unlocked':    void
+  'locked':      void
+
+  // 应用间事件
+  'spotlight:open':  void
+  'spotlight:close': void
+}
+
+export const emitter = mitt<Events>()
+```
+
+#### 3.5.3 provide / inject 设计
+
+```typescript
+// 窗口级上下文 —— 由 WindowFrame 提供，所有应用组件注入
+
+// src/composables/useWindowContext.ts
+import { provide, inject, type InjectionKey, type Ref } from 'vue'
+
+interface WindowContext {
+  winId: string
+  appId: string
+  clipboard: Ref<string>       // 应用内剪贴板
+  isActive: Ref<boolean>       // 窗口是否聚焦
+  closeWindow: () => void
+  setTitle: (title: string) => void
+}
+
+export const WIN_CTX_KEY: InjectionKey<WindowContext> = Symbol('winCtx')
+
+export function provideWindowContext(ctx: WindowContext) {
+  provide(WIN_CTX_KEY, ctx)
+}
+
+export function useWindowContext(): WindowContext {
+  const ctx = inject(WIN_CTX_KEY)
+  if (!ctx) throw new Error('useWindowContext() must be used inside a WindowFrame')
+  return ctx
+}
+```
+
+### 3.6 组件分类与职责
+
+```mermaid
+quadrantChart
+    title 组件分类矩阵
+    x-axis "有状态" --> "无状态"
+    y-axis "有 DOM" --> "无 DOM"
+    quadrant-1 "容器组件"
+    quadrant-2 "展示组件"
+    quadrant-3 "逻辑 composable"
+    quadrant-4 "纯工具函数"
+    "WindowFrame": [0.2, 0.85]
+    "MenuBar": [0.25, 0.9]
+    "Dock": [0.3, 0.9]
+    "Spotlight": [0.25, 0.85]
+    "ControlCenter": [0.2, 0.85]
+    "Finder": [0.35, 0.8]
+    "TrafficLights": [0.85, 0.55]
+    "DockIcon": [0.75, 0.6]
+    "Banner": [0.9, 0.5]
+    "CCToggle": [0.85, 0.55]
+    "useDrag": [0.95, 0.15]
+    "useKeyboard": [0.9, 0.1]
+    "useTheme": [0.85, 0.1]
+    "useClipboard": [0.95, 0.05]
+    "emitter": [0.98, 0.02]
+    "stdMenus": [0.98, 0.02]
+```
+
+| 分类 | 特征 | 示例 | 规则 |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| **容器组件** | 连接 Store，管理子组件状态，有 DOM 输出 | `WindowFrame`, `MenuBar`, `Dock`, `Spotlight` | 可访问 Pinia store，可 emit 事件 |
+| **展示组件** | 纯 props 输入 + emits 输出，无 Store 依赖 | `TrafficLights`, `DockIcon`, `Banner`, `CCToggle` | 禁止直接访问 Pinia store |
+| **逻辑 composable** | 封装有状态逻辑，无 DOM 输出 | `useDrag`, `useKeyboard`, `useTheme`, `useClipboard` | 可访问 Pinia store，不输出 DOM |
+| **纯工具函数** | 纯函数，无副作用，无状态 | `stdMenus`, `fmtDateCN`, `clamp` | 禁止访问任何 store 或 DOM |
+
+### 3.7 目录结构设计
+
+```
+src/
+├── main.ts                          # 入口：createApp + Pinia + 全局样式
+├── App.vue                          # 根布局组件
+│
+├── stores/                          # Pinia 状态管理
+│   ├── index.ts                     # createPinia + 插件注册
+│   ├── plugins/
+│   │   └── persist.ts               # 持久化插件
+│   ├── settings.ts                  # useSettingsStore
+│   ├── fs.ts                        # useFSStore
+│   ├── wm.ts                        # useWMStore
+│   ├── apps.ts                      # useAppStore
+│   ├── notify.ts                    # useNotifyStore
+│   └── ui.ts                        # useUIStore
+│
+├── composables/                     # 纯逻辑组合式函数（无 DOM）
+│   ├── useEventBus.ts               # mitt 实例 + 类型定义
+│   ├── useWindowContext.ts          # provide/inject 窗口上下文
+│   ├── useKeyboard.ts               # 全局快捷键
+│   ├── useIdleWatch.ts              # 空闲计时 & 屏保触发
+│   ├── useTheme.ts                  # 暗色模式 & 壁纸
+│   ├── useVolume.ts                 # 音量 & 媒体注册
+│   ├── useDrag.ts                   # 窗口拖拽（pointer events 封装）
+│   ├── useResize.ts                 # 窗口缩放（pointer events 封装）
+│   ├── useClipboard.ts              # 剪贴板操作封装
+│   ├── useClickOutside.ts           # 外部点击检测
+│   ├── useStdMenus.ts               # 标准菜单模板（纯函数）
+│   └── useDockMag.ts                # Dock 放大效果
+│
+├── components/                      # Vue 组件
+│   ├── system/                      # 系统 UI 组件
+│   │   ├── MenuBar.vue              #   菜单栏（容器）
+│   │   ├── MenuBarItem.vue          #   菜单栏单项（展示）
+│   │   ├── Dock.vue                 #   程序坞（容器）
+│   │   ├── DockIcon.vue             #   程序坞图标（展示）
+│   │   ├── DesktopIcons.vue         #   桌面图标区（容器）
+│   │   ├── DesktopIcon.vue          #   单个桌面图标（展示）
+│   │   ├── Spotlight.vue            #   聚焦搜索（容器）
+│   │   ├── SpotlightItem.vue        #   搜索结果项（展示）
+│   │   ├── ControlCenter.vue        #   控制中心（容器）
+│   │   ├── CCToggle.vue             #   控制中心开关（展示）
+│   │   ├── CCSlider.vue             #   控制中心滑块（展示）
+│   │   ├── NotificationCenter.vue   #   通知中心（容器）
+│   │   ├── BannerContainer.vue      #   横幅容器（容器）
+│   │   ├── Banner.vue               #   单个横幅（展示）
+│   │   ├── LockScreen.vue           #   锁屏界面（容器）
+│   │   ├── Screensaver.vue          #   屏保（容器）
+│   │   ├── BootScreen.vue           #   启动动画（展示）
+│   │   └── PowerOff.vue             #   关机提示（展示）
+│   ├── wm/                          # 窗口管理组件
+│   │   ├── WindowLayer.vue          #   窗口层容器（容器）
+│   │   ├── WindowFrame.vue          #   窗口框架（容器）
+│   │   ├── TrafficLights.vue        #   红绿灯按钮（展示）
+│   │   └── AppLoader.vue            #   应用加载器（容器）
+│   └── ui/                          # 通用 UI 组件
+│       ├── ContextMenu.vue          #   右键/下拉菜单（容器）
+│       ├── ContextMenuItem.vue      #   菜单项（展示）
+│       ├── DialogLayer.vue          #   对话框层（容器）
+│       ├── AlertDialog.vue          #   警告框（展示）
+│       ├── ConfirmDialog.vue        #   确认框（展示）
+│       └── PromptDialog.vue         #   输入框（展示）
+│
+├── apps/                            # 应用层
+│   ├── loaders.ts                   # 懒加载映射 + 预加载策略
+│   ├── finder/
+│   │   ├── index.ts                 # AppDefinition（纯数据）
+│   │   └── Finder.vue               # Finder SFC
+│   ├── safari/
+│   │   ├── index.ts
+│   │   └── Safari.vue
+│   └── ...（其余 31 个应用，结构相同）
+│
+├── styles/                          # 样式（不变）
+│   ├── base.css
+│   ├── desktop.css
+│   ├── window.css
+│   ├── apps.css
+│   └── apps2.css
+│
+├── types/                           # 全局类型定义
+│   ├── app.ts                       # AppDefinition, MenuItem
+│   ├── window.ts                    # WinState, Rect
+│   ├── fs.ts                        # FSNode, FSEntry
+│   └── settings.ts                  # Settings, Wallpaper
+│
+└── utils/                           # 纯工具函数（无 DOM）
+    ├── format.ts                    # fmtDateCN, fmtTime, fmtBytes
+    ├── math.ts                      # clamp
+    ├── misc.ts                      # uid, debounce, esc
+    └── index.ts                     # 统一导出
+```
+
+### 3.8 关键技术决策
+
+| 决策点 | 选择 | 理由 |
+|---|---|---|
+| 路由方案 | **不使用 vue-router** | 桌面模拟器无 URL 路由需求，应用切换由 `wmStore` 窗口管理 + `AppLoader` 动态组件实现 |
+| 状态管理 | **Pinia**（非 Vuex） | Vue 3 官方推荐，完整 TS 支持，模块化设计 |
+| 跨组件通信 | **mitt + provide/inject** | mitt 用于全局通知，provide/inject 用于窗口级上下文，避免过度使用全局事件 |
+| CSS 方案 | **纯 CSS（不变）** | 项目样式已成熟，无需引入 Tailwind/UnoCSS，减少重构范围 |
+| 构建工具 | **Vite（不变）** | 当前已使用 Vite，保留配置 |
+| 测试框架 | **Vitest（不变）** | 当前已使用 Vitest |
+| 窗口拖拽/缩放 | **原生 Pointer Events + composable 封装** | 这是性能关键路径，Vue 事件系统不适合高频 pointermove |
+| 持久化 | **Pinia watch + localStorage** | 简单可靠，无需引入额外的持久化库 |
+| 应用加载 | **defineAsyncComponent + 分级策略** | Eager/IdlePreload/Lazy 三级策略兼顾首屏速度与体验 |
+| 类型安全 | **全局禁止 `any`**（eslint rule） | 强制所有接口、store、事件使用精确类型 |
+
+### 3.9 性能策略
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart TB
+    subgraph "首屏加载"
+        A1["仅加载 Eager 应用（Finder）"]
+        A2["系统 UI 组件同步渲染"]
+        A3["requestIdleCallback 预加载 7 个常用应用"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "窗口操作"
+        B1["打开应用 → 检查是否已加载"]
+        B2["未加载 → Suspense + loading 占位"]
+        B3["已加载 → 立即显示 &lt;component :is=&gt;"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "关闭优化"
+        C1["关闭窗口 → 组件 v-if 卸载"]
+        C2["已加载的异步 chunk 保留在浏览器缓存"]
+        C3["再次打开 → 不重新下载 JS"]
+    end
+
+    subgraph "内存管理"
+        D1["窗口关闭 → clearInterval/timeout"]
+        D2["onUnmounted → 移除事件监听"]
+        D3["Pinia store 按需持久化，不存储 DOM 引用"]
+    end
+
+    A1 --> A2 --> A3
+    B1 --> B2
+    B1 --> B3
+    C1 --> C2 --> C3
+```
+
+---
+
+## 4. 重构总路线
+
+```
+Phase 1: 基础设施层      Phase 2: 系统 UI 组件化     Phase 3: WM 现代化
+─────────────────────    ────────────────────────    ────────────────
+Pinia stores             MenuBar → SFC               WindowFrame → SFC
+mitt 事件总线             Dock → SFC                  TrafficLights → SFC
+消除 window 全局暴露      DesktopIcons → SFC          拖拽/缩放 composable
+消除 lazy ref             Spotlight → SFC             resize handles → SFC
+                         NotificationCenter → SFC
+                         ControlCenter → SFC         Phase 5: 清理
+                         LockScreen → SFC            ───────────
+                         Screensaver → SFC           删除 utils/index.ts
+                         BootScreen → SFC            删除 system/index.ts
+                         ContextMenu → SFC           删除 el() 函数
+                         Dialog/Alert/Confirm → SFC  删除 $/$$
+                                                     全局类型检查
+
+                         Phase 4: 应用层优化
+                         ─────────────────────
+                         defineAsyncComponent
+                         移除 (window as any).Sys
+                         移除 h()/render() 手动挂载
+                         stdMenus 纯函数化
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5. 阶段一：基础设施层
+
+### 4.1 建立 Pinia Stores
+
+#### 4.1.1 `settingsStore` — 替代 useSettings + useStore
+
+```typescript
+// src/stores/settings.ts
+import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
+import { reactive, watch } from 'vue'
+
+export const WALLPAPERS = [ /* 原数据 */ ]
+export const DEFAULT_SETTINGS = { /* 原数据 */ }
+
+export const useSettingsStore = defineStore('settings', () => {
+  const settings = reactive(structuredClone(DEFAULT_SETTINGS))
+
+  // 持久化 watch（替代 store.set/load）
+  watch(settings, (v) => {
+    localStorage.setItem('macos-web:settings', JSON.stringify(v))
+  }, { deep: true })
+
+  // 计算属性
+  const isDark = computed(() => { /* 原 Sys.isDark() */ })
+  const wallpaperSrc = computed(() => { /* 原 Sys.wallpaperSrc() */ })
+
+  // 方法
+  function applyAppearance() { /* 操作 document.body.classList */ }
+  function applyWallpaper() { /* ... */ }
+
+  return { settings, isDark, wallpaperSrc, applyAppearance, applyWallpaper }
+})
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- `store.get/set` → Pinia `$state` + watch 持久化
+- `Sys.settings.xxx` → `settingsStore.settings.xxx`
+- `Sys.isDark()` → `settingsStore.isDark` (computed)
+- `Sys.save()` → 自动 watch 持久化
+
+#### 4.1.2 `fsStore` — 替代 useFS
+
+```typescript
+// src/stores/fs.ts
+export const useFSStore = defineStore('fs', () => {
+  const root = ref<FSNode | null>(null)
+  const HOME = '/Users/guest'
+  const TRASH = computed(() => HOME + '/.Trash')
+
+  function init() { /* 原 fs.init() */ }
+  function list(path: string) { /* ... */ }
+  function node(path: string) { /* ... */ }
+  function mkdir(path: string) { /* ... */ }
+  function rename(path: string, newName: string) { /* ... */ }
+  function trash(path: string) { /* ... */ }
+  function emptyTrash() { /* ... */ }
+
+  // 用 mitt 替代 bus.emit('fs:changed')
+  function notifyChange(paths: string[]) {
+    emitter.emit('fs:changed', { paths })
+  }
+
+  return { root, HOME, TRASH, init, list, node, mkdir, rename, trash, emptyTrash }
+})
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- `fs.node(path)` → `fsStore.node(path)`，响应式数据
+- `bus.emit('fs:changed')` → `emitter.emit('fs:changed')`（mitt）
+- 文件系统树用 `ref` / `reactive` 保持响应式
+
+#### 4.1.3 `wmStore` — 替代 useWM 的状态部分
+
+```typescript
+// src/stores/wm.ts
+export const useWMStore = defineStore('wm', () => {
+  const windows = reactive<WinState[]>([])
+  const activeWin = ref<WinState | null>(null)
+  const zTop = ref(100)
+  const cascadeCount = ref(0)
+
+  function addWindow(win: WinState) { windows.push(win) }
+  function removeWindow(id: string) { /* splice */ }
+  function focus(win: WinState) { /* 更新 z-index + activeWin */ }
+
+  return { windows, activeWin, zTop, cascadeCount, addWindow, removeWindow, focus }
+})
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- WM `windows`/`activeWin`/`zTop` → Pinia store
+- 窗口 DOM 创建逻辑分离到 `<WindowFrame>` 组件
+
+#### 4.1.4 `appStore` — 替代 useApps 注册表
+
+```typescript
+// src/stores/apps.ts
+export const useAppStore = defineStore('apps', () => {
+  const registry = reactive<Record<string, AppDefinition>>({})
+
+  function register(def: AppDefinition) { registry[def.id] = def }
+  function get(id: string) { return registry[id] }
+
+  // open 方法：不再手动调用 wm.openWindow + h() + render()
+  // 而是设置一个"待打开"信号，由 <AppLoader> 组件消费
+  const pendingOpen = ref<{ id: string; args?: any } | null>(null)
+
+  function open(id: string, args?: any) {
+    pendingOpen.value = { id, args }
+  }
+
+  return { registry, register, get, pendingOpen, open }
+})
+```
+
+#### 4.1.5 `notifyStore` — 替代 useNotify 数据部分
+
+```typescript
+// src/stores/notify.ts
+export const useNotifyStore = defineStore('notify', () => {
+  const notifications = ref<Notification[]>([])
+
+  function send(n: Notification) { /* push + 持久化 */ }
+  function markRead(id: string) { /* ... */ }
+  function remove(id: string) { /* ... */ }
+  function clearAll() { /* ... */ }
+  function badgeCount(appId: string) { /* computed */ }
+
+  return { notifications, send, markRead, remove, clearAll, badgeCount }
+})
+```
+
+### 4.2 引入 mitt 替代 useBus
+
+```bash
+pnpm add mitt
+```
+
+```typescript
+// src/composables/useEventBus.ts
+import mitt from 'mitt'
+
+type Events = {
+  'wm:focus': WinState
+  'wm:changed': void
+  'fs:changed': { paths: string[] }
+  'apps:ready': void
+  'volume:changed': number
+  'trash:changed': void
+  // ... 所有事件类型
+}
+
+export const emitter = mitt<Events>()
+```
+
+**替代映射**：
+| 原 bus 用法 | 新 mitt 用法 |
+|---|---|
+| `bus.on('wm:focus', fn)` | `emitter.on('wm:focus', fn)` |
+| `bus.emit('wm:focus', win)` | `emitter.emit('wm:focus', win)` |
+| `bus.off('wm:focus', fn)` | `emitter.off('wm:focus', fn)` |
+
+### 4.3 消除 `window` 全局暴露
+
+**删除 `system/index.ts` 中的所有 `(window as any)` 赋值**。
+
+替代方案：
+- 模块间引用 → Pinia store / provide-inject
+- App 组件引用 → 通过 `useAppStore().get(id)` 获取
+- 工具函数引用 → 直接 import
+
+### 4.4 消除 lazy ref
+
+**删除所有 `let _Xxx: any = null` + `setXxxRef()` 模式**。
+
+原懒引用的用途和替代方案：
+| 原用途 | 替代 |
+|---|---|
+| `setSysRef(wm)` — WM 需要 Sys.settings | WM 直接 import `useSettingsStore` |
+| `setSysForNotify(sys)` — Notify 需要 Sys.settings | Notify 直接 import `useSettingsStore` |
+| `setSysForSpotlight(sys)` — Spotlight 需要 Sys | Spotlight 直接 import 对应 store |
+| `setAppsRef(apps)` — FS 需要 Apps 注册表 | FS 直接 import `useAppStore` |
+| `setAppStoreRef(a)` — Sys 需要 AppStore | 延迟访问 `useAppStore().get('appstore')` |
+
+解决循环依赖的根本方法：**拆分模块**。例如 `useSys.ts` 应该拆分为：
+- `stores/settings.ts` — 设置管理
+- `composables/useKeyboard.ts` — 全局快捷键
+- `composables/useIdleWatch.ts` — 空闲计时/屏保
+- `composables/useTheme.ts` — 外观/壁纸应用
+- `<MenuBar>` / `<Dock>` / `<LockScreen>` 等 Vue 组件
+
+---
+
+## 6. 阶段二：系统 UI 组件化
+
+### 5.1 `<MenuBar>` — 替代 Sys.buildMenubar()
+
+**原实现**：`useSys.ts` 中 `buildMenubar()` 用 `el()` 构建整个菜单栏 DOM，操作 `#menubar-left` / `#menubar-right`。
+
+**目标实现**：
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/system/MenuBar.vue -->
+<template>
+  <header id="menubar" :class="{ hidden: !unlocked, autohide: fullscreenWin }">
+    <div id="menubar-left">
+      <!-- Apple 菜单 -->
+      <MenuBarItem
+        is-apple
+        @click="openAppleMenu"
+      />
+      <!-- 当前应用名 + 应用菜单 -->
+      <MenuBarItem
+        v-for="menu in appMenus"
+        :key="menu.label"
+        :label="menu.label"
+        :items="menu.items"
+        @click="toggleMenu(menu)"
+      />
+    </div>
+    <div id="menubar-right">
+      <MenuBarItem icon="battery" @click="toggleControlCenter" />
+      <MenuBarItem icon="wifi" @click="toggleControlCenter" />
+      <MenuBarItem icon="spotlight" @click="spotlightStore.toggle()" />
+      <MenuBarItem icon="control-center" @click="toggleControlCenter" />
+      <MenuBarItem
+        id="mb-clock"
+        :label="clockText"
+        @click="toggleNotificationCenter"
+      />
+    </div>
+  </header>
+</template>
+
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed, ref, onMounted, onUnmounted } from 'vue'
+import { useSettingsStore } from '@/stores/settings'
+import { useAppStore } from '@/stores/apps'
+import { useWMStore } from '@/stores/wm'
+import MenuBarItem from './MenuBarItem.vue'
+
+const settingsStore = useSettingsStore()
+const appStore = useAppStore()
+const wmStore = useWMStore()
+
+const clockText = ref('')
+let clockTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval>
+
+function tickClock() {
+  clockText.value = fmtMenuClock(new Date(), settingsStore.settings.h24)
+}
+
+onMounted(() => {
+  tickClock()
+  clockTimer = setInterval(tickClock, 1000)
+})
+onUnmounted(() => clearInterval(clockTimer))
+</script>
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- `el()` 构建 DOM → Vue 模板循环
+- `(this as any)._mbClock` → `ref` + `setInterval`
+- `addEventListener('click')` → `@click`
+- 菜单栏左侧应用菜单 → 根据 `wmStore.activeWin` 计算
+
+### 5.2 `<Dock>` — 替代 Sys.renderDock()
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/system/Dock.vue -->
+<template>
+  <div id="dock-hotzone" :class="dockPosition" />
+  <nav id="dock" :class="dockClasses" @contextmenu="onBgContextMenu">
+    <DockIcon
+      v-for="appId in dockItems"
+      :key="appId"
+      :app="appStore.get(appId)"
+      :badge="notifyStore.badgeCount(appId)"
+      :running="wmStore.windowsForApp(appId).length > 0"
+      @click="onDockClick(appId)"
+      @contextmenu="onIconContextMenu($event, appId)"
+    />
+    <div class="dock-sep" />
+    <DockIcon
+      app-id="__trash"
+      :icon="trashIcon"
+      name="废纸篓"
+      @click="appStore.open('finder', { path: fsStore.TRASH })"
+      @contextmenu="onTrashContextMenu"
+    />
+  </nav>
+</template>
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- `dock.innerHTML = ''` + `el()` 循环构建 → `v-for` 组件
+- `ic.addEventListener('click')` → `@click` emit
+- `ic.addEventListener('contextmenu')` → `@contextmenu` emit
+- Dock 放大动画用 CSS + 少量 pointer 事件（封装 composable）
+- `updateDockDots()` → 基于 `wmStore.windows` 的 computed
+
+### 5.3 `<DesktopIcons>` — 替代 Sys.renderDesktopIcons()
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/system/DesktopIcons.vue -->
+<template>
+  <div id="desktop-icons">
+    <DesktopIcon
+      v-for="item in desktopItems"
+      :key="item.path"
+      :item="item"
+      :position="positions[item.name]"
+      @dblclick="appStore.openPath(item.path)"
+      @contextmenu="onIconContextMenu($event, item)"
+    />
+  </div>
+</template>
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- 每个桌面图标是一个独立的 `<DesktopIcon>` SFC
+- 拖拽移动用 pointer events（保留原生，封装在 composable 中）
+- 双击/右键 → emit 到父组件处理
+
+### 5.4 `<ContextMenu>` / `<DialogLayer>` — 替代 useUI
+
+这是最关键的变革之一：**将动态创建的弹出菜单和对话框改为 Vue 组件 + Teleport**。
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/system/ContextMenu.vue -->
+<template>
+  <Teleport to="body">
+    <div
+      v-if="visible"
+      class="menu-pop"
+      :style="{ left: x + 'px', top: y + 'px' }"
+      role="menu"
+    >
+      <template v-for="item in items" :key="item.label">
+        <div v-if="item.sep" class="menu-sep" />
+        <div
+          v-else
+          class="menu-item"
+          :class="{ disabled: item.disabled, hover: hovered === item.label }"
+          @click="onClick(item)"
+          @pointerenter="hovered = item.label; onHover(item)"
+        >
+          <span class="mi-check">{{ item.checked ? '✓' : '' }}</span>
+          <span class="mi-label">{{ item.label }}</span>
+          <span v-if="item.key" class="mi-key">{{ item.key }}</span>
+          <span v-if="item.submenu" class="mi-sub">▶</span>
+        </div>
+      </template>
+    </div>
+  </Teleport>
+</template>
+```
+
+**全局菜单/对话框管理**：
+
+```typescript
+// src/stores/ui.ts
+export const useUIStore = defineStore('ui', () => {
+  // 弹出菜单
+  const menuVisible = ref(false)
+  const menuItems = ref<MenuItem[]>([])
+  const menuPosition = ref({ x: 0, y: 0 })
+  const menuOnClose = ref<(() => void) | null>(null)
+
+  function showMenu(items: MenuItem[], x: number, y: number, onClose?: () => void) {
+    closeMenu()
+    menuItems.value = items
+    menuPosition.value = { x, y }
+    menuVisible.value = true
+    menuOnClose.value = onClose ?? null
+  }
+  function closeMenu() {
+    menuOnClose.value?.()
+    menuVisible.value = false
+  }
+
+  // 对话框
+  const dialogVisible = ref(false)
+  const dialogConfig = ref({ /* title, msg, buttons, ... */ })
+  let dialogResolve: ((v: any) => void) | null = null
+
+  function showDialog(config: DialogConfig): Promise<any> {
+    return new Promise(resolve => {
+      dialogConfig.value = config
+      dialogVisible.value = true
+      dialogResolve = resolve
+    })
+  }
+
+  return { menuVisible, menuItems, menuPosition, showMenu, closeMenu,
+           dialogVisible, dialogConfig, showDialog, /* ... */ }
+})
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- `ui.menu(items, x, y)` → `uiStore.showMenu(items, x, y)`
+- `ui.dialog({...})` → `uiStore.showDialog({...})`，返回 Promise 不变
+- `ui.alert/confirm/prompt` → 基于 `showDialog` 的语法糖
+- 菜单嵌套（submenu）用递归组件
+- 全局 `pointerdown` 关闭菜单 → 在 `<ContextMenu>` 组件内部用 `onClickOutside`
+
+### 5.5 `<Spotlight>` — 替代 useSpotlight
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/system/Spotlight.vue -->
+<template>
+  <Teleport to="#spotlight-anchor">
+    <div v-if="visible" id="spotlight" role="dialog" @click.self="close">
+      <div id="spotlight-box">
+        <div id="spotlight-input-row">
+          <svg><!-- 搜索图标 --></svg>
+          <input
+            ref="inputRef"
+            v-model="query"
+            type="text"
+            placeholder="聚焦搜索"
+            @keydown="onKeydown"
+          />
+        </div>
+        <div id="spotlight-results">
+          <SpotlightItem
+            v-for="(item, idx) in results"
+            :key="idx"
+            :item="item"
+            :selected="idx === selectedIdx"
+            @click="item.action(); close()"
+            @hover="selectedIdx = idx"
+          />
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </Teleport>
+</template>
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- HTML 结构在模板中定义（当前已在 `SpotlightArea.vue` 中有静态模板，但内容仍由 JS 动态填充）
+- `input.oninput` → `v-model` + `watch`
+- `input.onkeydown` → `@keydown`
+- `render()` 中的 `el()` 构建 → computed `results` + `v-for`
+- `scrollIntoView` → `nextTick` + Vue 方式滚动
+
+### 5.6 `<NotificationCenter>` / `<BannerContainer>` — 替代 useNotify 渲染
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/system/BannerContainer.vue -->
+<template>
+  <div id="banner-container">
+    <TransitionGroup name="banner">
+      <Banner
+        v-for="notif in activeBanners"
+        :key="notif.id"
+        :notif="notif"
+        @click="onBannerClick(notif)"
+      />
+    </TransitionGroup>
+  </div>
+</template>
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- `el()` 创建横幅 DOM → `<Banner>` SFC
+- `setTimeout` 自动消失 → `watch` + `setTimeout`，配合 `<TransitionGroup>`
+- 通知中心 `nc.innerHTML = ''` 重建 → computed 列表 + `v-for`
+
+### 5.7 `<LockScreen>` / `<Screensaver>` / `<BootScreen>` / `<PowerOff>`
+
+这些容器组件当前已有 Vue 模板（如 `LockScreenArea.vue`），但内部内容（锁屏按钮、屏保幻灯片等）全由 `el()` 动态构建。需改为：
+
+- `<LockScreen>` 模板中包含完整的 HTML 结构，用 `v-if`/`v-show` 控制显示
+- `<Screensaver>` 中的时钟/幻灯片 → 用计算属性 + `v-if` 选择类型
+- `<BootScreen>` 中的进度条动画 → CSS transition + `v-show`
+
+### 5.8 `<ControlCenter>` — 替代 Sys.renderControlCenter()
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/system/ControlCenter.vue -->
+<template>
+  <Teleport to="#control-center-anchor">
+    <div v-if="visible" id="control-center">
+      <div class="cc-card">
+        <CCToggle icon="wifi" label="Wi-Fi" v-model="settings.wifi" />
+        <CCToggle icon="bluetooth" label="蓝牙" v-model="settings.bluetooth" />
+        <CCToggle icon="airdrop" label="隔空投送" v-model="settings.airdrop" />
+      </div>
+      <div class="cc-card span2">
+        <div class="cc-title">显示器</div>
+        <CCSlider v-model="settings.brightness" :min="0.2" :max="1" />
+      </div>
+      <!-- ... -->
+    </div>
+  </Teleport>
+</template>
+```
+
+**改动要点**：
+- `ccToggle()` 函数生成 DOM → `<CCToggle>` SFC，用 `v-model` 双向绑定
+- `cc.innerHTML = ''` 重建 → 响应式数据驱动
+- 外点击关闭 → `onClickOutside` 指令/composable
+
+---
+
+## 7. 阶段三：窗口管理器现代化
+
+### 6.1 `<WindowFrame>` — 替代 useWM 的窗口 chrome 构建
+
+**原实现**：`openWindow()` 中用 `el()` 创建 traffic lights、标题栏、body、resize handles，全部命令式。
+
+**目标实现**：
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/wm/WindowFrame.vue -->
+<template>
+  <div
+    ref="winEl"
+    class="window"
+    :class="[win.state, { inactive: !isActive, opening: isNew }]"
+    :style="winStyle"
+    @pointerdown="onFocus"
+  >
+    <!-- 标题栏 -->
+    <div class="win-titlebar" @pointerdown="onDragStart" @dblclick="onToggleZoom">
+      <TrafficLights
+        :win="win"
+        @close="$emit('close', win.id)"
+        @minimize="$emit('minimize', win.id)"
+        @maximize="$emit('toggleFullscreen', win.id)"
+      />
+      <div class="win-title">
+        <img :src="win.icon" alt="" />
+        <span class="t">{{ win.title }}</span>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- 应用内容区域 -->
+    <div ref="bodyEl" class="win-body">
+      <slot />
+    </div>
+
+    <!-- Resize Handles -->
+    <template v-if="!win.noResize">
+      <div
+        v-for="dir in resizeDirections"
+        :key="dir"
+        :class="`rz ${dir}`"
+        @pointerdown.stop="onResizeStart($event, dir)"
+      />
+    </template>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed, ref, onMounted } from 'vue'
+import TrafficLights from './TrafficLights.vue'
+import { useDrag } from '@/composables/useDrag'
+import { useResize } from '@/composables/useResize'
+
+const props = defineProps<{
+  win: WinState
+  isActive: boolean
+}>()
+
+const emit = defineEmits(['close', 'minimize', 'toggleFullscreen', 'focus'])
+
+const winEl = ref<HTMLElement>()
+const bodyEl = ref<HTMLElement>()
+
+// 拖拽逻辑封装为 composable
+const { onDragStart } = useDrag(winEl, props.win)
+
+// 缩放逻辑封装为 composable
+const { onResizeStart } = useResize(winEl, props.win)
+
+const winStyle = computed(() => ({
+  left: props.win.rect.x + 'px',
+  top: props.win.rect.y + 'px',
+  width: props.win.rect.w + 'px',
+  height: props.win.rect.h + 'px',
+  zIndex: props.win.zIndex,
+}))
+
+function onFocus() {
+  emit('focus', props.win.id)
+}
+
+// 暴露 body 元素给父组件（供应用挂载）
+defineExpose({ bodyEl })
+</script>
+```
+
+### 6.2 `<TrafficLights>` — 独立组件
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/wm/TrafficLights.vue -->
+<template>
+  <div class="traffic-lights">
+    <button class="tl close" aria-label="关闭" @click.stop="$emit('close')">
+      <svg viewBox="0 0 8 8"><!-- X --></svg>
+    </button>
+    <button class="tl min" aria-label="最小化" @click.stop="$emit('minimize')">
+      <svg viewBox="0 0 8 8"><!-- — --></svg>
+    </button>
+    <button class="tl max" aria-label="全屏" @click.stop="$emit('maximize')">
+      <svg viewBox="0 0 8 8"><!-- □ --></svg>
+    </button>
+  </div>
+</template>
+```
+
+### 6.3 `<WindowLayer>` — 容器组件
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/wm/WindowLayer.vue -->
+<template>
+  <div id="window-layer">
+    <WindowFrame
+      v-for="win in sortedWindows"
+      :key="win.id"
+      :win="win"
+      :is-active="win.id === wmStore.activeWin?.id"
+      @focus="wmStore.focus(win.id)"
+      @close="wmStore.close(win.id)"
+      @minimize="wmStore.minimize(win.id)"
+      @toggle-fullscreen="wmStore.toggleFullscreen(win.id)"
+    >
+      <!-- 动态加载应用组件 -->
+      <AppLoader :win="win" />
+    </WindowFrame>
+  </div>
+</template>
+```
+
+### 6.4 拖拽/缩放 composable
+
+拖拽和缩放必须用原生 pointer events（这是性能关键路径，不可用 Vue 事件替代），但封装为纯 composable：
+
+```typescript
+// src/composables/useDrag.ts
+export function useDrag(elRef: Ref<HTMLElement | undefined>, win: WinState) {
+  function onDragStart(e: PointerEvent) {
+    if (win.state === 'fullscreen') return
+    const el = elRef.value!
+    el.setPointerCapture(e.pointerId)
+
+    const startX = e.clientX
+    const startY = e.clientY
+    const origX = win.rect.x
+    const origY = win.rect.y
+
+    function onMove(e: PointerEvent) {
+      win.rect.x = origX + e.clientX - startX
+      win.rect.y = origY + e.clientY - startY
+    }
+
+    function onUp() {
+      el.removeEventListener('pointermove', onMove)
+      el.removeEventListener('pointerup', onUp)
+    }
+
+    el.addEventListener('pointermove', onMove)
+    el.addEventListener('pointerup', onUp)
+  }
+
+  return { onDragStart }
+}
+```
+
+```typescript
+// src/composables/useResize.ts
+export function useResize(elRef: Ref<HTMLElement | undefined>, win: WinState) {
+  function onResizeStart(e: PointerEvent, dir: string) {
+    // 类似 useDrag，但修改 width/height/x/y
+  }
+  return { onResizeStart }
+}
+```
+
+### 6.5 窗口关闭流程现代化
+
+原 `close()` 方法的 Promise + confirm 流程保持不变，但 `closePromise` 管理移到 `wmStore`：
+
+```typescript
+// stores/wm.ts
+async function close(winId: string): Promise<string> {
+  const win = windows.find(w => w.id === winId)
+  if (!win) return 'alreadyClosed'
+
+  // 如果有确认回调
+  if (win.confirmClose) {
+    return new Promise(resolve => {
+      win.confirmClose!(
+        () => { doClose(win); resolve('closed') },
+        () => resolve('cancelled'),
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  doClose(win)
+  return 'closed'
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## 8. 阶段四：应用层优化
+
+### 7.1 `<AppLoader>` — 替代手动 `h()` + `render()`
+
+**原实现**：每个 app 的 `index.ts` 中：
+```typescript
+render(win) {
+  const vnode = h(XxxComponent, { win })
+  render(vnode, win.body)
+}
+```
+
+**目标实现**：用 `defineAsyncComponent` + `<component :is="">` 动态加载：
+
+```vue
+<!-- src/components/wm/AppLoader.vue -->
+<template>
+  <component
+    v-if="appComponent"
+    :is="appComponent"
+    :win="win"
+  />
+</template>
+
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+import { useAppStore } from '@/stores/apps'
+
+const props = defineProps<{ win: WinState }>()
+const appStore = useAppStore()
+
+// 动态懒加载应用组件
+const appComponent = computed(() => {
+  const appId = props.win.appId
+  const loader = appLoaders[appId]
+  return loader || null
+})
+</script>
+```
+
+应用懒加载映射表：
+
+```typescript
+// src/apps/loaders.ts
+import { defineAsyncComponent } from 'vue'
+
+export const appLoaders: Record<string, any> = {
+  finder:     defineAsyncComponent(() => import('./finder/Finder.vue')),
+  safari:     defineAsyncComponent(() => import('./safari/Safari.vue')),
+  calculator: defineAsyncComponent(() => import('./calculator/Calculator.vue')),
+  settings:   defineAsyncComponent(() => import('./settings/Settings.vue')),
+  // ... 33 个应用
+}
+```
+
+### 7.2 应用注册简化
+
+**原 `index.ts`**：
+```typescript
+export const FinderApp = { id:'finder', ..., render(win) { ... } }
+Apps.register(FinderApp)
+```
+
+**改为纯数据定义**：
+
+```typescript
+// src/apps/finder/index.ts
+import type { AppDefinition } from '@/stores/apps'
+
+export const finderDef: AppDefinition = {
+  id: 'finder',
+  name: '访达',
+  icon: '/assets/icons/finder.png',
+  w: 800, h: 550,
+  minW: 480, minH: 300,
+  singleton: true,
+  menus(win) { return stdMenus('finder', { /* ... */ }) },
+  // 不再需要 render 方法！
+}
+```
+
+```typescript
+// src/stores/apps.ts
+import { finderDef } from '@/apps/finder'
+
+// 在 store 初始化时注册
+function init() {
+  register(finderDef)
+  register(safariDef)
+  // ... 33 个应用
+}
+```
+
+**关键变化**：每个 app 不再包含 `render(win)` 方法，而是由 `<AppLoader>` 根据 `appId` 查找对应的异步组件来渲染。
+
+### 7.3 移除应用中的 `(window as any)`
+
+当前多个应用访问 `(window as any).Sys` / `(window as any).Notify` 等：
+
+| 文件 | 全局引用 | 替代方案 |
+|---|---|---|
+| `finder/Finder.vue` | `(window as any).__finderClipboard` | Pinia store 或 provide/inject |
+| `safari/Safari.vue` | `window.open(url, '_blank')` | 允许（无替代方案） |
+| `calculator/Calculator.vue` | `props.win.el?.addEventListener` | 用 `@keydown` 在模板中处理 |
+| 多个应用 | `bus.on('fs:changed')` | `emitter.on('fs:changed')` |
+| 多个应用 | `ui.alert/confirm/prompt` | `uiStore.showDialog()` |
+| 多个应用 | `wm.setTitle(props.win, ...)` | `wmStore.setTitle(winId, title)` |
+| 多个应用 | `props.win.appState = st` | 通过 `win.data` 或 provide |
+
+### 7.4 `stdMenus()` 纯函数化
+
+**原实现**使用 `document.activeElement` / `document.execCommand`：
+
+```typescript
+// 原：直接访问 document
+const editBase = () => {
+  const a = document.activeElement as any
+  const isText = a && (a.tagName === 'INPUT' || a.tagName === 'TEXTAREA' || a.isContentEditable)
+  // ...
+}
+```
+
+**改进**：接受 `isTextFocused: boolean` 参数，由调用方传入：
+
+```typescript
+// src/composables/useStdMenus.ts
+export function stdMenus(appDef: AppDef, options: StdMenuOptions = {}) {
+  return function (win: WinState | null) {
+    return [
+      {
+        label: '编辑',
+        items: () => [
+          { label: '剪切', key: '⌘X', action: () => clipboard.cut() },
+          { label: '拷贝', key: '⌘C', action: () => clipboard.copy() },
+          { label: '粘贴', key: '⌘V', action: () => clipboard.paste() },
+          // ...
+        ]
+      },
+      // ...
+    ]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+剪贴板操作封装为独立的 `useClipboard` composable（内部使用 `navigator.clipboard` API）。
+
+---
+
+## 9. 阶段五：清理与收尾
+
+### 8.1 删除文件
+
+```
+删除:
+  src/utils/index.ts          — el/$/$$ 函数，完全由 Vue 替代
+  src/system/index.ts         — 启动序列逻辑分散到各初始化的 store/composable
+  src/composables/useBus.ts   — 由 mitt 替代
+  src/composables/useStore.ts — 由 Pinia 持久化插件替代
+  src/composables/useUI.ts    — 由 <ContextMenu>/<DialogLayer> + uiStore 替代
+  src/composables/useSys.ts   — 拆分为多个 store + composable + Vue 组件
+```
+
+### 8.2 重构后的目录结构
+
+```
+src/
+├── main.ts
+├── App.vue
+├── stores/                          # Pinia stores（新增）
+│   ├── settings.ts                  # 设置管理
+│   ├── fs.ts                        # 虚拟文件系统
+│   ├── wm.ts                        # 窗口管理器状态
+│   ├── apps.ts                      # 应用注册表
+│   ├── notify.ts                    # 通知数据
+│   └── ui.ts                        # 菜单/对话框状态
+├── composables/                     # 纯逻辑 composable（无 DOM）
+│   ├── useKeyboard.ts               # 全局快捷键
+│   ├── useIdleWatch.ts              # 空闲计时/屏保
+│   ├── useTheme.ts                  # 外观/壁纸
+│   ├── useVolume.ts                 # 音量/媒体控制
+│   ├── useDrag.ts                   # 窗口拖拽（pointer events 封装）
+│   ├── useResize.ts                 # 窗口缩放（pointer events 封装）
+│   ├── useClipboard.ts              # 剪贴板操作封装
+│   ├── useStdMenus.ts               # 标准菜单模板（纯函数）
+│   ├── useEventBus.ts               # mitt 事件总线实例
+│   └── useClickOutside.ts           # 外点击检测
+├── components/
+│   ├── system/                      # 系统 UI 组件
+│   │   ├── MenuBar.vue
+│   │   ├── MenuBarItem.vue
+│   │   ├── Dock.vue
+│   │   ├── DockIcon.vue
+│   │   ├── DesktopIcons.vue
+│   │   ├── DesktopIcon.vue
+│   │   ├── Spotlight.vue
+│   │   ├── SpotlightItem.vue
+│   │   ├── ControlCenter.vue
+│   │   ├── CCToggle.vue
+│   │   ├── CCSlider.vue
+│   │   ├── NotificationCenter.vue
+│   │   ├── Banner.vue
+│   │   ├── BannerContainer.vue
+│   │   ├── LockScreen.vue
+│   │   ├── Screensaver.vue
+│   │   ├── BootScreen.vue
+│   │   └── PowerOff.vue
+│   ├── wm/                          # 窗口管理组件
+│   │   ├── WindowLayer.vue
+│   │   ├── WindowFrame.vue
+│   │   ├── TrafficLights.vue
+│   │   └── AppLoader.vue
+│   └── ui/                          # 通用 UI 组件
+│       ├── ContextMenu.vue
+│       ├── ContextMenuItem.vue
+│       ├── DialogLayer.vue
+│       ├── AlertDialog.vue
+│       ├── ConfirmDialog.vue
+│       └── PromptDialog.vue
+├── apps/                            # 应用层（基本不变，去掉 render 方法）
+│   ├── loaders.ts                   # 懒加载映射表（新增）
+│   ├── finder/
+│   │   ├── index.ts                 # 仅数据定义（AppDefinition）
+│   │   └── Finder.vue
+│   ├── calculator/
+│   │   ├── index.ts
+│   │   └── Calculator.vue
+│   └── ...（33 个应用）
+├── styles/                          # 不变
+└── types/                           # 类型定义（从各模块提取）
+    ├── app.ts
+    ├── window.ts
+    ├── fs.ts
+    └── settings.ts
+```
+
+### 8.3 启动流程重构
+
+**原**：`system/index.ts` → `initSystem()` → 手动串联 `fs.init → Sys.init → Notify.init → Sys.renderDock → initDesktop → boot`
+
+**新**：在 `App.vue` 的 `onMounted` 中：
+
+```typescript
+// App.vue
+onMounted(async () => {
+  // 1. 初始化 stores
+  const fsStore = useFSStore()
+  await fsStore.init()
+
+  const settingsStore = useSettingsStore()
+  settingsStore.init()
+
+  const appStore = useAppStore()
+  appStore.init()  // 注册所有 33 个应用
+
+  const notifyStore = useNotifyStore()
+  notifyStore.init()
+
+  // 2. 初始化全局 composable
+  useKeyboard()
+  useIdleWatch()
+  useTheme()
+
+  // 3. 触发启动动画
+  const sysStore = useSysStore()
+  sysStore.boot()
+
+  // 4. 通知应用就绪
+  emitter.emit('apps:ready')
+})
+```
+
+### 8.4 测试适配
+
+测试文件（`tests/cases/` 下 47 个）需要相应更新：
+- `(window as any).Sys` / `(window as any).WM` → 通过 Pinia store 操作
+- `(window as any).FS` → `useFSStore()`
+- `(window as any).Notify` → `useNotifyStore()`
+- `(window as any).Apps` → `useAppStore()`
+- `bus.on/emit` → `emitter.on/emit`
+
+建议在 `tests/setup.ts` 中创建一个测试辅助工具，提供简化的 store 访问。
+
+---
+
+## 10. 附录：新旧对照表
+
+### 9.1 文件映射
+
+| 原文件 | 重构后 | 说明 |
+|---|---|---|
+| `src/utils/index.ts` | **删除** | `el()`/`$`/`$$` 由 Vue 模板/ref 替代；格式化函数移入 `src/utils/format.ts` |
+| `src/system/index.ts` | **删除** | 启动逻辑分散到 store 初始化和 App.vue |
+| `src/composables/useBus.ts` | **删除** | 由 `src/composables/useEventBus.ts` (mitt) 替代 |
+| `src/composables/useStore.ts` | **删除** | 由 Pinia 持久化 watch 替代 |
+| `src/composables/useUI.ts` | `src/stores/ui.ts` + `src/components/ui/*.vue` | 拆为状态 store + Vue 组件 |
+| `src/composables/useSys.ts` | 拆分为 7 个模块 | 见下一节 |
+| `src/composables/useWM.ts` | `src/stores/wm.ts` + `src/components/wm/*.vue` + `src/composables/useDrag.ts` + `src/composables/useResize.ts` | 状态/UI/拖拽分离 |
+| `src/composables/useNotify.ts` | `src/stores/notify.ts` + `src/components/system/Banner.vue` + `src/components/system/NotificationCenter.vue` | 数据与视图分离 |
+| `src/composables/useSpotlight.ts` | `src/stores/spotlight.ts` + `src/components/system/Spotlight.vue` | 数据与视图分离 |
+| `src/composables/useApps.ts` | `src/stores/apps.ts` + `src/composables/useStdMenus.ts` | 注册表 + 菜单模板分离 |
+| `src/composables/useFS.ts` | `src/stores/fs.ts` | 直接迁移到 Pinia |
+| `src/composables/useSettings.ts` | `src/stores/settings.ts` | 合并 useStore 到 Pinia |
+
+### 9.2 useSys.ts 拆分
+
+| 原负责内容 | 目标位置 |
+|---|---|
+| `settings` / `save` / `set` / `applyAll` / `isDark` / `wallpaperSrc` / `applyAppearance` / `applyWallpaper` / `applyBrightness` / `applyNightShift` / `applyVolume` / `registerMedia` | `src/stores/settings.ts` |
+| `boot` / `showLock` / `closeOverlays` / `powerOff` / `restart` / `logout` / `sleep` / `forceQuitDialog` | `src/stores/sys.ts` |
+| `globalKeys` | `src/composables/useKeyboard.ts` |
+| `initIdleWatch` / `resetIdle` / `showScreensaver` / `hideScreensaver` | `src/composables/useIdleWatch.ts` |
+| `buildMenubar` / `wifiSvg` / `tickClock` / `openAppleMenu` / `setActiveApp` | `src/components/system/MenuBar.vue` |
+| `dockPinned` / `dockItems` / `renderDock` / `effDockSize` / `layoutDock` / `dockPeek` / `dockHide` / `dockResetMag` / `initDockMag` / `updateDockDots` / `dockClick` / `dockIconMenu` / `dockBgMenu` | `src/components/system/Dock.vue` + `src/composables/useDockMag.ts` |
+| `toggleControlCenter` / `ccToggle` / `renderControlCenter` | `src/components/system/ControlCenter.vue` |
+| `toggleNotificationCenter` | `src/components/system/MenuBar.vue`（时钟点击） |
+| `resetAll` | `src/stores/settings.ts` |
+
+### 9.3 API 对照
+
+| 原 API | 新 API |
+|---|---|
+| `Sys.settings.xxx` | `settingsStore.settings.xxx` |
+| `Sys.isDark()` | `settingsStore.isDark` (computed) |
+| `Sys.set('key', val)` | `settingsStore.settings.key = val` |
+| `Sys.renderDesktopIcons()` | `emitter.emit('fs:changed')` → 自动更新 |
+| `fs.node(path)` | `fsStore.node(path)` |
+| `fs.list(path)` | `fsStore.list(path)` |
+| `bus.emit('fs:changed', data)` | `emitter.emit('fs:changed', data)` |
+| `ui.menu(items, x, y)` | `uiStore.showMenu(items, x, y)` |
+| `ui.dialog({...})` | `uiStore.showDialog({...})` |
+| `ui.alert(title, msg)` | `uiStore.alert(title, msg)` |
+| `ui.confirm(title, msg)` | `uiStore.confirm(title, msg)` |
+| `wm.openWindow(opts)` | `wmStore.openWindow(opts)` |
+| `wm.close(win)` | `wmStore.close(winId)` |
+| `wm.focus(win)` | `wmStore.focus(winId)` |
+| `wm.activeWin.value` | `wmStore.activeWin` |
+| `Apps.open('finder', args)` | `appStore.open('finder', args)` |
+| `Apps.get('finder')` | `appStore.get('finder')` |
+| `Apps.register(def)` | `appStore.register(def)` |
+| `Notify.send({...})` | `notifyStore.send({...})` |
+| `Notify.badgeCount('mail')` | `notifyStore.badgeCount('mail')` |
+| `Spotlight.toggle()` | `spotlightStore.toggle()` |
+
+### 9.4 保留的原生 API
+
+以下原生 API 是必须保留的（封装在专用 composable 中）：
+
+| API | 用途 | 封装位置 |
+|---|---|---|
+| `PointerEvent` (pointerdown/move/up/capture) | 窗口拖拽、缩放、桌面图标拖拽 | `useDrag.ts` / `useResize.ts` |
+| `localStorage` | 持久化（由 Pinia watch 自动处理） | 各 store 内部 |
+| `matchMedia('prefers-color-scheme: dark')` | 系统暗色模式检测 | `useTheme.ts` |
+| `navigator.clipboard` | 剪贴板操作 | `useClipboard.ts` |
+| `window.open(url, '_blank')` | Safari 外链打开 | `useSafari.ts` |
+| `requestAnimationFrame` | 启动动画 | `<BootScreen>` 组件内 |
+| `Image()` | 壁纸预加载 | `useTheme.ts` |
+
+---
+
+## 11. 执行建议
+
+### 10.1 执行顺序
+
+1. **安装依赖**：`pnpm add pinia mitt`
+2. **阶段一**：创建所有 Pinia stores + mitt 事件总线，确保与原功能等价（此时还依赖 `el()` 等旧 API）
+3. **阶段二**：逐个将系统 UI 组件化，每完成一个就用新组件替换旧的 `el()` 渲染，保持可运行
+4. **阶段三**：窗口管理器重构
+5. **阶段四**：应用层优化 + lazy load
+6. **阶段五**：清理删除旧文件，更新测试
+
+### 10.2 关键原则
+
+- **每步保持可运行**：不要一次性改完所有东西再测试；每个组件替换后立即验证
+- **先测试后重构**：在重构前确保现有 47 个测试用例全部通过，重构后逐批更新测试
+- **类型安全优先**：所有新增模块用完整 TypeScript 类型定义，消除 `any`
+- **CSS 不变**：现有 `styles/*.css` 无需修改，CSS 类名保持不变
+
+### 10.3 预估工作量
+
+| 阶段 | 描述 | 预估 |
+|---|---|---|
+| 阶段一 | Pinia stores + mitt | 1-2 天 |
+| 阶段二 | 系统 UI 组件化（MenuBar/Dock/Spotlight/CC/通知/锁屏/屏保/启动/对话框/右键菜单 — 共 10+ 个组件） | 3-5 天 |
+| 阶段三 | WM 重构（WindowFrame/TrafficLights/AppLoader + drag/resize composable） | 1-2 天 |
+| 阶段四 | 33 个应用适配（去 render 方法、去 window 引用、lazy load） | 2-3 天 |
+| 阶段五 | 清理 + 测试更新 | 1-2 天 |
+| **总计** | | **8-14 天** |
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 0a38c39..60d0e59 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
     "test:watch": "vitest"
   },
   "dependencies": {
+    "mitt": "^3.0.1",
+    "pinia": "^4.0.2",
     "vue": "^3.5.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4d8c04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,1946 @@
+lockfileVersion: '9.0'
+
+settings:
+  autoInstallPeers: true
+  excludeLinksFromLockfile: false
+
+importers:
+
+  .:
+    dependencies:
+      mitt:
+        specifier: ^3.0.1
+        version: 3.0.1
+      pinia:
+        specifier: ^4.0.2
+        version: 4.0.2(@vue/devtools-api@8.1.5)(typescript@5.6.3)(vue@3.5.40(typescript@5.6.3))
+      vue:
+        specifier: ^3.5.0
+        version: 3.5.40(typescript@5.6.3)
+    devDependencies:
+      '@types/node':
+        specifier: ^26.1.1
+        version: 26.1.1
+      '@vitejs/plugin-vue':
+        specifier: ^5.1.0
+        version: 5.2.4(vite@5.4.21(@types/node@26.1.1))(vue@3.5.40(typescript@5.6.3))
+      '@vue/test-utils':
+        specifier: ^2.4.0
+        version: 2.4.11(@vue/compiler-dom@3.5.40)(@vue/server-renderer@3.5.40)(vue@3.5.40(typescript@5.6.3))
+      jsdom:
+        specifier: ^29.1.1
+        version: 29.1.1
+      typescript:
+        specifier: ~5.6.0
+        version: 5.6.3
+      vite:
+        specifier: ^5.4.0
+        version: 5.4.21(@types/node@26.1.1)
+      vitest:
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.1.9(@types/node@26.1.1)(jsdom@29.1.1)
+      vue-tsc:
+        specifier: ^2.1.0
+        version: 2.2.12(typescript@5.6.3)
+
+packages:
+
+  '@asamuzakjp/css-color@5.1.11':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-KVw6qIiCTUQhByfTd78h2yD1/00waTmm9uy/R7Ck/ctUyAPj+AEDLkQIdJW0T8+qGgj3j5bpNKK7Q3G+LedJWg==}
+    engines: {node: ^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0}
+
+  '@asamuzakjp/dom-selector@7.1.1':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-67RZDnYRc8H/8MLDgQCDE//zoqVFwajkepHZgmXrbwybzXOEwOWGPYGmALYl9J2DOLfFPPs6kKCqmbzV895hTQ==}
+    engines: {node: ^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0}
+
+  '@asamuzakjp/generational-cache@1.0.1':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-wajfB8KqzMCN2KGNFdLkReeHncd0AslUSrvHVvvYWuU8ghncRJoA50kT3zP9MVL0+9g4/67H+cdvBskj9THPzg==}
+    engines: {node: ^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0}
+
+  '@asamuzakjp/nwsapi@2.3.9':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-n8GuYSrI9bF7FFZ/SjhwevlHc8xaVlb/7HmHelnc/PZXBD2ZR49NnN9sMMuDdEGPeeRQ5d0hqlSlEpgCX3Wl0Q==}
+
+  '@babel/helper-string-parser@7.29.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-Pb5ijPrZ89GDH8223L4UP8i6QApWxs04RbPQJTeWDV0/keR2E36MeKnyr6LYmUUvqRRI+Iv87SuF1W6ErINzYw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
+
+  '@babel/helper-validator-identifier@7.29.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-qehxGkRj55h/ff8EMaJ+cYhyaKlHIxqYDn682wQD7RNp9UujOQsHog2uS0r2vzr4pW+sXf90NeeayjcNaX3fFg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
+
+  '@babel/parser@7.29.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-hnORnjP/1P/zFEndoeX+n+t1RwWRJiJpM/jO7FW32Kn9r5+sJB2JWOdYo4L6k78j15eCwY3Gm/7364B1EMwtNg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6.0.0'}
+    hasBin: true
+
+  '@babel/types@7.29.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-4zBIxpPzowiZpusoFkyGVwakdRJUyuH5PxQ/PrqghfdFWWasvnCdPfQXHrenDai+gyLARulZjZowCOj6fjT4pA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=6.9.0'}
+
+  '@bramus/specificity@2.4.2':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-ctxtJ/eA+t+6q2++vj5j7FYX3nRu311q1wfYH3xjlLOsczhlhxAg2FWNUXhpGvAw3BWo1xBcvOV6/YLc2r5FJw==}
+    hasBin: true
+
+  '@csstools/color-helpers@6.1.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-064IFJdjTfUqnjpCVpMOdbr8FLQBhinbZj6yRv2An2E41O/pLEXqfFRWqGq/SxlE5PEUYTlvWsG2r8MswAVvkg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=20.19.0'}
+
+  '@csstools/css-calc@3.3.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-c5ihYsPkdG6JCkU2zTMm4+k6r7RXuGxtWYhu5DHMIiF1FHzrfmHL5so11AoFpUv/tu61xfcmT4AmKoFfMPoqdQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=20.19.0'}
+    peerDependencies:
+      '@csstools/css-parser-algorithms': ^4.0.0
+      '@csstools/css-tokenizer': ^4.0.0
+
+  '@csstools/css-color-parser@4.1.10':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-UZhQLIUyJaaMepqehrCODwCg2KW25vFvLWBmqYFaPclYvvxzj/sG8LBOhBFCp11i9uE7t1EyS+RAoV9tztPFyw==}
+    engines: {node: '>=20.19.0'}
+    peerDependencies:
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+      '@csstools/css-tokenizer': ^4.0.0
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+  '@csstools/css-parser-algorithms@4.0.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-+B87qS7fIG3L5h3qwJ/IFbjoVoOe/bpOdh9hAjXbvx0o8ImEmUsGXN0inFOnk2ChCFgqkkGFQ+TpM5rbhkKe4w==}
+    engines: {node: '>=20.19.0'}
+    peerDependencies:
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+
+  '@csstools/css-syntax-patches-for-csstree@1.1.7':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-fQ+05118eQS1cofO3aJpB5efgpBZMvIzwr/sbC8kDLVA5XLG8q1kJV5yzrUAI1f7lvhPnm8fgIjzFB8/O/5Dig==}
+    peerDependencies:
+      css-tree: ^3.2.1
+    peerDependenciesMeta:
+      css-tree:
+        optional: true
+
+  '@csstools/css-tokenizer@4.0.0':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-QxULHAm7cNu72w97JUNCBFODFaXpbDg+dP8b/oWFAZ2MTRppA3U00Y2L1HqaS4J6yBqxwa/Y3nMBaxVKbB/NsA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=20.19.0'}
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+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    cpu: [ppc64]
+    os: [aix]
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+  '@esbuild/android-arm64@0.21.5':
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+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [android]
+
+  '@esbuild/android-arm@0.21.5':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-vCPvzSjpPHEi1siZdlvAlsPxXl7WbOVUBBAowWug4rJHb68Ox8KualB+1ocNvT5fjv6wpkX6o/iEpbDrf68zcg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    cpu: [arm]
+    os: [android]
+
+  '@esbuild/android-x64@0.21.5':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-D7aPRUUNHRBwHxzxRvp856rjUHRFW1SdQATKXH2hqA0kAZb1hKmi02OpYRacl0TxIGz/ZmXWlbZgjwWYaCakTA==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    cpu: [x64]
+    os: [android]
+
+  '@esbuild/darwin-arm64@0.21.5':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-DwqXqZyuk5AiWWf3UfLiRDJ5EDd49zg6O9wclZ7kUMv2WRFr4HKjXp/5t8JZ11QbQfUS6/cRCKGwYhtNAY88kQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [darwin]
+
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+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
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+    os: [darwin]
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+  '@esbuild/freebsd-arm64@0.21.5':
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+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [freebsd]
+
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+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-J95kNBj1zkbMXtHVH29bBriQygMXqoVQOQYA+ISs0/2l3T9/kj42ow2mpqerRBxDJnmkUDCaQT/dfNXWX/ZZCQ==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    cpu: [x64]
+    os: [freebsd]
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+    cpu: [arm64]
+    os: [linux]
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+  '@esbuild/linux-arm@0.21.5':
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+    cpu: [arm]
+    os: [linux]
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+  '@esbuild/linux-ia32@0.21.5':
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+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    cpu: [ia32]
+    os: [linux]
+
+  '@esbuild/linux-loong64@0.21.5':
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-uHf1BmMG8qEvzdrzAqg2SIG/02+4/DHB6a9Kbya0XDvwDEKCoC8ZRWI5JJvNdUjtciBGFQ5PuBlpEOXQj+JQSg==}
+    engines: {node: '>=12'}
+    cpu: [loong64]
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+      - lightningcss
+      - msw
+      - sass
+      - sass-embedded
+      - stylus
+      - sugarss
+      - supports-color
+      - terser
+
+  vscode-uri@3.1.0: {}
+
+  vue-component-type-helpers@3.3.8: {}
+
+  vue-tsc@2.2.12(typescript@5.6.3):
+    dependencies:
+      '@volar/typescript': 2.4.15
+      '@vue/language-core': 2.2.12(typescript@5.6.3)
+      typescript: 5.6.3
+
+  vue@3.5.40(typescript@5.6.3):
+    dependencies:
+      '@vue/compiler-dom': 3.5.40
+      '@vue/compiler-sfc': 3.5.40
+      '@vue/runtime-dom': 3.5.40
+      '@vue/server-renderer': 3.5.40
+      '@vue/shared': 3.5.40
+    optionalDependencies:
+      typescript: 5.6.3
+
+  w3c-xmlserializer@5.0.0:
+    dependencies:
+      xml-name-validator: 5.0.0
+
+  webidl-conversions@8.0.1: {}
+
+  whatwg-mimetype@5.0.0: {}
+
+  whatwg-url@16.0.1:
+    dependencies:
+      '@exodus/bytes': 1.15.1
+      tr46: 6.0.0
+      webidl-conversions: 8.0.1
+    transitivePeerDependencies:
+      - '@noble/hashes'
+
+  which@2.0.2:
+    dependencies:
+      isexe: 2.0.0
+
+  why-is-node-running@2.3.0:
+    dependencies:
+      siginfo: 2.0.0
+      stackback: 0.0.2
+
+  wrap-ansi@7.0.0:
+    dependencies:
+      ansi-styles: 4.3.0
+      string-width: 4.2.3
+      strip-ansi: 6.0.1
+
+  wrap-ansi@8.1.0:
+    dependencies:
+      ansi-styles: 6.2.3
+      string-width: 5.1.2
+      strip-ansi: 7.2.0
+
+  xml-name-validator@5.0.0: {}
+
+  xmlchars@2.2.0: {}
diff --git a/src/composables/useEventBus.ts b/src/composables/useEventBus.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..374af2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/composables/useEventBus.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * useEventBus — mitt 类型安全事件总线
+ * 替代原 useBus.ts，所有事件必须在此声明类型
+ */
+import mitt from 'mitt'
+import type { WinState } from '@/types/window'
+
+type Events = {
+  // 窗口事件
+  'wm:focus': WinState | null
+  'wm:changed': void
+  'wm:closed': { winId: string }
+
+  // 文件系统事件
+  'fs:changed': { op?: string; paths: string[]; dirty?: boolean }
+
+  // 系统事件
+  'apps:ready': void
+  'volume:changed': number
+  'trash:changed': void
+  'unlocked': void
+  'locked': void
+
+  // 通知事件
+  'notify:badges-updated': void
+}
+
+export const emitter = mitt<Events>()
diff --git a/src/main.ts b/src/main.ts
index 2b39912..1a7af6f 100644
--- a/src/main.ts
+++ b/src/main.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { createApp } from 'vue'
 import App from './App.vue'
+import { initPinia } from './stores'
 
 // Import all CSS
 import './styles/base.css'
@@ -9,4 +10,5 @@ import './styles/apps.css'
 import './styles/apps2.css'
 
 const app = createApp(App)
+app.use(initPinia())
 app.mount('#app')
diff --git a/src/stores/apps.ts b/src/stores/apps.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbbe48b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stores/apps.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/**
+ * appStore — 应用注册表
+ * 替代 useApps.ts 中的注册表部分
+ */
+import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
+import { ref, reactive } from 'vue'
+import { useFSStore } from './fs'
+import type { AppDefinition } from '@/types/app'
+
+export const useAppStore = defineStore('apps', () => {
+  const registry = reactive<Record<string, AppDefinition>>({})
+
+  // 待打开的应用（由 AppLoader 消费）
+  const pendingOpen = ref<{ id: string; args?: any } | null>(null)
+
+  function register(def: AppDefinition) {
+    def.w = def.w || 720
+    def.h = def.h || 480
+    def.minW = def.minW || 320
+    def.minH = def.minH || 240
+    def.about = def.about || `${def.name} — macOS 网页版内置应用`
+    registry[def.id] = def
+  }
+
+  function get(id: string): AppDefinition | undefined {
+    return registry[id]
+  }
+
+  function open(id: string, args?: any) {
+    pendingOpen.value = { id, args }
+  }
+
+  function openPath(path: string) {
+    const fsStore = useFSStore()
+    const n = fsStore.node(path)
+    if (!n) {
+      // ui.alert 稍后接入
+      console.warn('[apps] 找不到项目:', path)
+      return
+    }
+    if (n.t === 'd') return open('finder', { path })
+    if (n.t === 'a') return open(n.app!)
+    const ext = (path.split('.').pop() || '').toLowerCase()
+    if (['png', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'gif', 'webp', 'svg', 'pdf'].includes(ext))
+      return open('preview', { path })
+    return open('textedit', { path })
+  }
+
+  function quit(id: string) {
+    // 由外部 wm 处理实际关闭
+    pendingOpen.value = { id, args: { quit: true } }
+  }
+
+  return { registry, pendingOpen, register, get, open, openPath, quit }
+})
diff --git a/src/stores/fs.ts b/src/stores/fs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78b0638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stores/fs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+/**
+ * fsStore — 虚拟文件系统
+ * 替代 useFS.ts，数据用 Pinia 管理
+ */
+import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
+import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
+import { emitter } from '@/composables/useEventBus'
+import type { FSNode, FSEntry } from '@/types/fs'
+
+// ---- 文件扩展名 → MIME 映射 ----
+function mimeOf(name: string): string {
+  const ext = name.split('.').pop()?.toLowerCase() || ''
+  const map: Record<string, string> = {
+    txt: 'text/plain', md: 'text/markdown', html: 'text/html', css: 'text/css', js: 'text/javascript',
+    json: 'application/json', xml: 'text/xml', svg: 'image/svg+xml', csv: 'text/csv',
+  }
+  return map[ext] || 'text/plain'
+}
+
+// ---- 文件扩展名 → 图标映射 ----
+export function iconFor(path: string): string {
+  const segs = path.split('/')
+  const name = segs[segs.length - 1] || ''
+  const ext = name.split('.').pop()?.toLowerCase() || ''
+
+  const extIcons: Record<string, string> = {
+    txt: '/assets/icons/file-text.svg', md: '/assets/icons/file-text.svg',
+    html: '/assets/icons/file-code.svg', css: '/assets/icons/file-code.svg',
+    js: '/assets/icons/file-code.svg', ts: '/assets/icons/file-code.svg',
+    json: '/assets/icons/file-code.svg', xml: '/assets/icons/file-code.svg',
+    png: '/assets/icons/file-image.svg', jpg: '/assets/icons/file-image.svg',
+    jpeg: '/assets/icons/file-image.svg', gif: '/assets/icons/file-image.svg',
+    webp: '/assets/icons/file-image.svg', svg: '/assets/icons/file-image.svg',
+    pdf: '/assets/icons/file-pdf.svg',
+    mp3: '/assets/icons/file-audio.svg', wav: '/assets/icons/file-audio.svg', ogg: '/assets/icons/file-audio.svg',
+    mp4: '/assets/icons/file-video.svg', mov: '/assets/icons/file-video.svg',
+    zip: '/assets/icons/file-archive.svg', tar: '/assets/icons/file-archive.svg', gz: '/assets/icons/file-archive.svg',
+    app: '/assets/icons/app-default.svg',
+  }
+  if (extIcons[ext]) return extIcons[ext]
+  return '/assets/icons/file-generic.svg'
+}
+
+export const useFSStore = defineStore('fs', () => {
+  const HOME = '/Users/guest'
+  const root = ref<FSNode | null>(null)
+
+  // ---- 懒引用（由外部注入，打破循环依赖） ----
+  let _Apps: any = null
+  let _AppStoreApp: any = null
+
+  function setAppsRef(apps: any, appStore: any) {
+    _Apps = apps
+    _AppStoreApp = appStore
+  }
+
+  function setAppStoreRef(a: any) { _AppStoreApp = a }
+
+  const TRASH = computed(() => HOME + '/.Trash')
+
+  // ---- 路径工具 ----
+  function normalize(p: string): string {
+    if (!p) return '/'
+    const parts: string[] = []
+    for (const seg of String(p).split('/')) {
+      if (!seg || seg === '.') continue
+      if (seg === '..') parts.pop()
+      else parts.push(seg)
+    }
+    return '/' + parts.join('/')
+  }
+
+  function join(...segs: string[]) { return normalize(segs.join('/')) }
+  function baseName(p: string) { p = normalize(p); return p === '/' ? '/' : p.slice(p.lastIndexOf('/') + 1) }
+  function dirName(p: string) { p = normalize(p); const i = p.lastIndexOf('/'); return i <= 0 ? '/' : p.slice(0, i) }
+
+  function node(p: string): FSNode | null {
+    p = normalize(p)
+    if (p === '/') return root.value
+    let cur: FSNode | null = root.value
+    for (const seg of p.slice(1).split('/')) {
+      if (!cur || cur.t !== 'd' || !cur.c![seg]) return null
+      cur = cur.c![seg]
+    }
+    return cur
+  }
+
+  function exists(p: string) { return !!node(p) }
+  function isDir(p: string) { return node(p)?.t === 'd' }
+
+  function parent(p: string): [FSNode | null, string, string] {
+    p = normalize(p)
+    const dir = dirName(p)
+    const name = baseName(p)
+    const par = node(dir)
+    return par && par.t === 'd' ? [par, name, dir] : [null, name, dir]
+  }
+
+  function assertDir(p: string): FSNode {
+    const n = node(p)
+    if (!n || n.t !== 'd') throw new Error('不是文件夹: ' + p)
+    return n
+  }
+
+  // ---- 持久化 ----
+  function loadFromStorage(): FSNode | null {
+    try {
+      const raw = localStorage.getItem('macos-web:fs')
+      if (!raw) return null
+      const v = JSON.parse(raw)
+      return v && v.t === 'd' ? v : null
+    } catch { return null }
+  }
+
+  function save() {
+    try { localStorage.setItem('macos-web:fs', JSON.stringify(root.value)) }
+    catch (e) { console.warn('[fs] 保存失败:', e) }
+  }
+
+  // ---- 初始化 & 种子数据 ----
+  function seed() {
+    const dirs = ['Desktop', 'Documents', 'Downloads', 'Pictures', 'Music', 'Applications', '.Trash']
+    dirs.forEach(d => mkdir(HOME + '/' + d, { recursive: true, silent: true }))
+
+    write(HOME + '/Desktop/welcome.txt', [
+      '欢迎使用 macOS 网页版！', '',
+      '这是一套在浏览器中运行的桌面模拟器。', '你可以：',
+      '· 双击打开「Sample Folder」和各个应用', '· 在访达、终端、文本编辑之间管理同一套虚拟文件',
+      '· 通过 Apple 菜单锁定、重启或关机', '· 在系统设置中更换壁纸、切换深色模式', '',
+      '所有数据都保存在浏览器本地，刷新后依然存在。'
+    ].join('\n'), { silent: true })
+
+    mkdir(HOME + '/Desktop/Sample Folder', { silent: true })
+    write(HOME + '/Desktop/Sample Folder/会议纪要.txt', '周会纪要\n\n1. 桌面端体验优化\n2. 虚拟文件系统联调\n3. 下周发布预览版', { silent: true })
+    write(HOME + '/Desktop/Sample Folder/待办.txt', '- [x] 搭建窗口管理器\n- [x] 接入通知中心\n- [ ] 完善离线回退', { silent: true })
+    write(HOME + '/Documents/购物清单.txt', '牛奶\n鸡蛋\n全麦面包\n咖啡豆\n牛油果\n', { silent: true })
+    write(HOME + '/Documents/Ideas.txt', '想法收集\n\n· 给屏保加上天气\n· 终端支持管道\n· 地图离线瓦片\n', { silent: true })
+    write(HOME + '/Documents/旅行清单.txt', '京都 4 日行\n\nD1 清水寺 / 二年坂\nD2 岚山竹林 / 渡月桥\nD3 伏见稻荷大社\nD4 锦市场采购\n', { silent: true })
+    write(HOME + '/Documents/关于本系统.txt', 'macOS 网页版 v1.0\n\n纯 HTML/CSS/JavaScript 实现，无需构建。\n数据存储于 localStorage，离线可用。', { silent: true })
+    write(HOME + '/Downloads/说明.txt', '此目录用于存放下载的文件。', { silent: true })
+    write(HOME + '/Pictures/壁纸说明.txt', '系统内置多张壁纸，可在「系统设置 › 墙纸」中切换。', { silent: true })
+    write(HOME + '/Music/曲目说明.txt', '音乐 App 已内置 6 首 Kevin MacLeod (CC-BY) 曲目。', { silent: true })
+    save()
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    root.value = loadFromStorage()
+    if (!root.value || root.value.t !== 'd') {
+      root.value = { t: 'd', c: {}, mtime: Date.now() }
+      seed()
+    }
+    emitter.on('apps:ready', () => syncApps())
+  }
+
+  // ---- 应用同步 ----
+  function syncApps() {
+    if (!_Apps) return
+    const dir = node(HOME + '/Applications')
+    if (!dir) return
+    const installed = (id: string) => _AppStoreApp && _AppStoreApp.isInstalled(id)
+    const want = new Set<string>()
+    for (const app of Object.values(_Apps.registry) as any[]) {
+      if ((app as any).storeApp && !installed((app as any).id)) continue
+      want.add((app as any).id)
+      const name = (app as any).name + '.app'
+      if (!dir.c![name]) dir.c![name] = { t: 'a', app: (app as any).id, mtime: Date.now() }
+    }
+    let dirty = false
+    for (const [name, n] of Object.entries(dir.c!)) {
+      if ((n as FSNode).t === 'a' && (n as FSNode).app && !want.has((n as FSNode).app!)) {
+        const reg = _Apps.registry[(n as FSNode).app!]
+        if (reg && reg.storeApp) { delete dir.c![name]; dirty = true }
+      }
+    }
+    save()
+    emitter.emit('fs:changed', { op: 'sync', paths: [HOME + '/Applications'], dirty })
+  }
+
+  // ---- CRUD 操作 ----
+  function list(p: string, opts: { showHidden?: boolean } = {}): FSEntry[] {
+    const n = assertDir(p)
+    return Object.entries(n.c!)
+      .filter(([name]) => opts.showHidden || !name.startsWith('.'))
+      .map(([name, nd]) => ({ name, path: join(p, name), node: nd }))
+      .sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name, 'zh-Hans-CN'))
+  }
+
+  function read(p: string): string {
+    const n = node(p)
+    if (!n) throw new Error('文件不存在: ' + p)
+    if (n.t !== 'f') throw new Error('不是文本文件: ' + p)
+    return n.data ?? ''
+  }
+
+  function write(p: string, data: string, opts: { mime?: string; silent?: boolean } = {}) {
+    const [par, name] = parent(p)
+    if (!par) throw new Error('父目录不存在: ' + p)
+    const now = Date.now()
+    if (par.c![name] && par.c![name].t === 'd') throw new Error('同名文件夹已存在: ' + name)
+    par.c![name] = { t: 'f', data: String(data ?? ''), mime: opts.mime || mimeOf(name), mtime: now }
+    save()
+    if (!opts.silent) emitter.emit('fs:changed', { op: 'write', paths: [normalize(p), dirName(p)] })
+  }
+
+  function mkdir(p: string, opts: { recursive?: boolean; silent?: boolean } = {}) {
+    p = normalize(p)
+    if (exists(p)) { if (!opts.recursive) throw new Error('已存在: ' + p); return }
+    if (opts.recursive) {
+      let cur = root.value!
+      let curPath = ''
+      for (const seg of p.slice(1).split('/')) {
+        curPath += '/' + seg
+        if (!cur.c![seg]) cur.c![seg] = { t: 'd', c: {}, mtime: Date.now() }
+        if (cur.c![seg].t !== 'd') throw new Error('路径冲突: ' + curPath)
+        cur = cur.c![seg]
+      }
+      save()
+      if (!opts.silent) emitter.emit('fs:changed', { op: 'mkdir', paths: [p, dirName(p)] })
+      return
+    }
+    const [par, name] = parent(p)
+    if (!par) throw new Error('父目录不存在: ' + p)
+    par.c![name] = { t: 'd', c: {}, mtime: Date.now() }
+    save()
+    if (!opts.silent) emitter.emit('fs:changed', { op: 'mkdir', paths: [p, dirName(p)] })
+  }
+
+  function renameItem(p: string, newName: string): string {
+    p = normalize(p); newName = String(newName || '').trim()
+    if (!newName || newName.includes('/')) throw new Error('名称无效')
+    const [par, name, dir] = parent(p)
+    if (!par || !par.c![name]) throw new Error('不存在: ' + p)
+    if (name === newName) return p
+    if (par.c![newName]) throw new Error('已存在同名项目: ' + newName)
+    par.c![newName] = par.c![name]; delete par.c![name]
+    par.c![newName].mtime = Date.now()
+    const np = join(dir, newName)
+    save(); emitter.emit('fs:changed', { op: 'rename', paths: [p, np, dir] })
+    return np
+  }
+
+  function uniqueName(dir: string, base: string): string {
+    const n = assertDir(dir)
+    if (!n.c![base]) return base
+    const dot = base.lastIndexOf('.')
+    const stem = dot > 0 ? base.slice(0, dot) : base
+    const ext = dot > 0 ? base.slice(dot) : ''
+    for (let i = 2; ; i++) { const cand = `${stem} ${i}${ext}`; if (!n.c![cand]) return cand }
+  }
+
+  function copy(src: string, dstDir: string): string {
+    src = normalize(src); dstDir = normalize(dstDir)
+    const sn = node(src); if (!sn) throw new Error('不存在: ' + src)
+    const dd = assertDir(dstDir)
+    const name = uniqueName(dstDir, baseName(src))
+    dd.c![name] = structuredClone(sn); dd.c![name].mtime = Date.now()
+    delete (dd.c![name] as any).origPath
+    save(); emitter.emit('fs:changed', { op: 'copy', paths: [src, join(dstDir, name), dstDir] })
+    return join(dstDir, name)
+  }
+
+  function move(src: string, dstDir: string): string {
+    src = normalize(src); dstDir = normalize(dstDir)
+    if (src === dstDir) throw new Error('不能移动到自身')
+    if (dstDir === src || dstDir.startsWith(src + '/')) throw new Error('不能把文件夹移动到它自己内部')
+    const [par, name] = parent(src)
+    if (!par || !par.c![name]) throw new Error('不存在: ' + src)
+    const dd = assertDir(dstDir)
+    let final = name
+    if (dd.c![final]) final = uniqueName(dstDir, name)
+    dd.c![final] = par.c![name]; delete par.c![name]
+    dd.c![final].mtime = Date.now()
+    const np = join(dstDir, final)
+    save(); emitter.emit('fs:changed', { op: 'move', paths: [src, np, dirName(src), dstDir] })
+    return np
+  }
+
+  function remove(p: string) {
+    p = normalize(p)
+    if (p === '/' || p === TRASH.value) throw new Error('不能删除该项目')
+    const [par, name, dir] = parent(p)
+    if (!par || !par.c![name]) throw new Error('不存在: ' + p)
+    delete par.c![name]
+    save(); emitter.emit('fs:changed', { op: 'remove', paths: [p, dir] })
+  }
+
+  function trash(p: string): string {
+    p = normalize(p)
+    if (p.startsWith(TRASH.value + '/')) { remove(p); return p }
+    const n = node(p); if (!n) throw new Error('不存在: ' + p)
+    ;(n as any).origPath = p
+    const np = move(p, TRASH.value)
+    save()
+    emitter.emit('trash:changed')
+    return np
+  }
+
+  function emptyTrash() {
+    const t = node(TRASH.value)
+    if (t && t.c) Object.keys(t.c).forEach(k => delete t.c![k])
+    save()
+    emitter.emit('trash:changed')
+    emitter.emit('fs:changed', { op: 'trash:empty', paths: [TRASH.value] })
+  }
+
+  return {
+    HOME, TRASH, root,
+    setAppsRef, setAppStoreRef,
+    init, seed, save, syncApps,
+    normalize, join, baseName, dirName,
+    node, exists, isDir, assertDir,
+    list, read, write, mkdir, renameItem, uniqueName,
+    copy, move, remove, trash, emptyTrash,
+  }
+})
diff --git a/src/stores/index.ts b/src/stores/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a4b9fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stores/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/**
+ * Pinia 实例创建 & 插件注册
+ */
+import { createPinia } from 'pinia'
+import { persistPlugin } from './plugins/persist'
+
+export function initPinia() {
+  const pinia = createPinia()
+  pinia.use(persistPlugin)
+  return pinia
+}
diff --git a/src/stores/notify.ts b/src/stores/notify.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4539464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stores/notify.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/**
+ * notifyStore — 通知数据管理
+ * 替代 useNotify.ts 中的数据部分（通知列表/持久化/徽标计数）
+ */
+import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
+import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
+import type { Notification } from '@/types/notify'
+
+export const useNotifyStore = defineStore('notify', () => {
+  const notifications = ref<Notification[]>([])
+
+  // ---- 持久化 ----
+  function loadFromStorage(): Notification[] {
+    try {
+      const raw = localStorage.getItem('macos-web:notify')
+      return raw ? JSON.parse(raw) : []
+    } catch { return [] }
+  }
+
+  function save() {
+    try {
+      localStorage.setItem('macos-web:notify', JSON.stringify(notifications.value.slice(-60)))
+    } catch { /* ignore */ }
+  }
+
+  function init() {
+    notifications.value = loadFromStorage()
+  }
+
+  // ---- 操作 ----
+  function send(n: Notification) {
+    notifications.value.push(n)
+    save()
+  }
+
+  function markRead(id: string) {
+    const n = notifications.value.find(x => x.id === id)
+    if (n && !n.read) { n.read = true; save() }
+  }
+
+  function remove(id: string) {
+    notifications.value = notifications.value.filter(x => x.id !== id)
+    save()
+  }
+
+  function clearAll() {
+    notifications.value = []
+    save()
+  }
+
+  function badgeCount(appId: string): number {
+    return notifications.value.filter(n => n.appId === appId && !n.read).length
+  }
+
+  function unreadCount(): number {
+    return notifications.value.filter(n => !n.read).length
+  }
+
+  return {
+    notifications, init, save,
+    send, markRead, remove, clearAll,
+    badgeCount, unreadCount,
+  }
+})
diff --git a/src/stores/plugins/persist.ts b/src/stores/plugins/persist.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..502d4fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stores/plugins/persist.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/**
+ * Pinia persist 插件
+ * 自动将指定 store 的状态持久化到 localStorage
+ */
+import type { PiniaPluginContext } from 'pinia'
+
+const PREFIX = 'macos-web:'
+
+/** 需要持久化的 store id 列表 */
+const PERSISTED = ['settings', 'fs', 'notify']
+
+export function persistPlugin({ store }: PiniaPluginContext) {
+  if (!PERSISTED.includes(store.$id)) return
+
+  // 1. 初始化：从 localStorage 恢复
+  try {
+    const raw = localStorage.getItem(PREFIX + store.$id)
+    if (raw) {
+      const parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+      if (parsed) store.$patch(parsed)
+    }
+  } catch { /* ignore */ }
+
+  // 2. 自动保存
+  store.$subscribe((_, state) => {
+    try {
+      localStorage.setItem(PREFIX + store.$id, JSON.stringify(state))
+    } catch (e) { console.warn(`[persist] ${store.$id} 保存失败:`, e) }
+  }, { detached: true, deep: true })
+}
+
+/** 清除所有持久化数据 */
+export function clearAllPersisted() {
+  Object.keys(localStorage)
+    .filter(k => k.startsWith(PREFIX))
+    .forEach(k => localStorage.removeItem(k))
+}
diff --git a/src/stores/settings.ts b/src/stores/settings.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcc4a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stores/settings.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/**
+ * settingsStore — 系统设置管理
+ * 替代 useSettings.ts + useStore.ts 的设置部分
+ */
+import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
+import { reactive, computed } from 'vue'
+import type { SystemSettings, Wallpaper } from '@/types/settings'
+
+export const WALLPAPERS: Wallpaper[] = [
+  { id: 'monterey', name: 'Monterey 抽象', src: '/assets/wallpapers/monterey.jpg' },
+  { id: 'sonoma', name: 'Sonoma 落日', src: '/assets/wallpapers/sonoma.jpg' },
+  { id: 'ventura', name: 'Ventura 霞光', src: '/assets/wallpapers/ventura.jpg' },
+  { id: 'bigsur', name: 'Big Sur 海岸', src: '/assets/wallpapers/big-sur-day.jpg', dark: '/assets/wallpapers/big-sur-night.jpg' },
+  { id: 'sequoia', name: 'Sequoia 山谷', src: '/assets/wallpapers/sequoia.jpg' },
+  { id: 'galaxy', name: '银河', src: '/assets/wallpapers/galaxy.jpg' },
+]
+
+export const DEFAULT_SETTINGS: SystemSettings = {
+  appearance: 'light', wallpaper: 'monterey', accent: '#0a84ff',
+  reduceTransparency: false, reduceMotion: false, increaseContrast: false,
+  dockSize: 54, dockMagnify: true, dockMagnifyLevel: 1.6, dockPosition: 'bottom', dockAutohide: false,
+  brightness: 1, nightShift: false, nightShiftStrength: 0.4,
+  volume: 0.6, muted: false,
+  wifi: true, bluetooth: true, airdrop: false, focus: false, vpn: false,
+  userName: '客人用户', avatar: '/assets/icons/avatar.svg',
+  passwordEnabled: false, password: '',
+  screensaverType: 'off', screensaverDelay: 5,
+  h24: false, language: 'zh-Hans', region: '中国', firstDayMonday: true,
+  searchEngine: 'bing', computerName: 'MacBook Pro',
+  siriApps: true, siriFiles: true, siriSettings: true,
+  loginItems: {}, notifAllow: {},
+  notificationsEnabled: true,
+  timezone: 'local',
+  wifiNetwork: '家庭网络 5G',
+  btDevices: {},
+  kbRepeat: 7, kbDelay: 4, mouseSpeed: 5,
+  finderView: 'icon', finderSort: 'name',
+}
+
+export const useSettingsStore = defineStore('settings', () => {
+  // ---- 状态 ----
+  const settings = reactive<SystemSettings>(structuredClone(DEFAULT_SETTINGS))
+
+  // ---- 计算属性 ----
+  const isDark = computed(() => {
+    const a = settings.appearance
+    if (a === 'dark') return true
+    if (a === 'auto') return matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches
+    return false
+  })
+
+  const wallpaperSrc = computed(() => {
+    const w = WALLPAPERS.find(wp => wp.id === settings.wallpaper) || WALLPAPERS[0]
+    return (isDark.value && w.dark) ? w.dark : w.src
+  })
+
+  // ---- 初始化 ----
+  function init(saved?: Partial<SystemSettings>) {
+    if (saved) Object.assign(settings, structuredClone(DEFAULT_SETTINGS), saved)
+  }
+
+  // ---- 方法 ----
+  function set<K extends keyof SystemSettings>(key: K, value: SystemSettings[K]) {
+    settings[key] = value
+  }
+
+  function applyAppearance() {
+    const b = document.body
+    b.classList.toggle('dark', isDark.value)
+    b.classList.toggle('reduce-transparency', !!settings.reduceTransparency)
+    b.classList.toggle('reduce-motion', !!settings.reduceMotion)
+    b.classList.toggle('increase-contrast', !!settings.increaseContrast)
+    applyWallpaper()
+  }
+
+  function applyWallpaper() {
+    const src = wallpaperSrc.value
+    const desk = document.getElementById('desktop')
+    const lock = document.getElementById('lockscreen-bg')
+    if (desk) desk.style.backgroundImage = `url("${src}")`
+    if (lock) lock.style.backgroundImage = `url("${src}")`
+    // 壁纸预加载错误回退
+    const probe = new Image()
+    probe.onerror = () => {
+      const grad = 'linear-gradient(160deg,#4a6fa5 0%,#c86b85 45%,#f0a35e 100%)'
+      if (desk) desk.style.backgroundImage = grad
+      if (lock) lock.style.backgroundImage = grad
+    }
+    probe.src = src
+  }
+
+  function applyBrightness() {
+    const el = document.getElementById('overlay-brightness')
+    if (el) el.style.opacity = String((1 - settings.brightness) * 0.55)
+  }
+
+  function applyNightShift() {
+    const el = document.getElementById('overlay-nightshift')
+    if (el) el.style.opacity = settings.nightShift ? String(settings.nightShiftStrength * 0.32) : '0'
+  }
+
+  function applyAccent() {
+    document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--accent', settings.accent)
+  }
+
+  function applyAll() {
+    applyAppearance()
+    applyBrightness()
+    applyNightShift()
+    applyAccent()
+  }
+
+  return {
+    settings, isDark, wallpaperSrc,
+    init, set,
+    applyAppearance, applyWallpaper, applyBrightness, applyNightShift, applyAccent, applyAll,
+  }
+})
diff --git a/src/stores/ui.ts b/src/stores/ui.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f328e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stores/ui.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/**
+ * uiStore — 菜单/对话框状态管理
+ * 替代 useUI.ts 中的状态管理部分
+ */
+import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
+import { ref } from 'vue'
+import type { MenuItem } from '@/types/app'
+import type { DialogConfig } from '@/types/ui'
+
+export const useUIStore = defineStore('ui', () => {
+  // ---- 弹出菜单 ----
+  const menuVisible = ref(false)
+  const menuItems = ref<MenuItem[]>([])
+  const menuPosition = ref({ x: 0, y: 0 })
+  const menuSub = ref(false)
+  let menuOnClose: (() => void) | null = null
+
+  function showMenu(items: MenuItem[], x: number, y: number, opts: { sub?: boolean; onClose?: () => void } = {}) {
+    hideMenu()
+    menuItems.value = items
+    menuPosition.value = { x, y }
+    menuSub.value = !!opts.sub
+    menuVisible.value = true
+    menuOnClose = opts.onClose ?? null
+  }
+
+  function hideMenu() {
+    menuOnClose?.()
+    menuOnClose = null
+    menuVisible.value = false
+  }
+
+  function showContextMenu(items: MenuItem[], e: MouseEvent) {
+    e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation()
+    showMenu(items, e.clientX, e.clientY)
+  }
+
+  // ---- 对话框 ----
+  const dialogVisible = ref(false)
+  const dialogConfig = ref<DialogConfig>({ title: '', msg: '' })
+  let dialogResolve: ((v: string | boolean) => void) | null = null
+
+  function showDialog(config: DialogConfig): Promise<string | boolean> {
+    return new Promise(resolve => {
+      dialogConfig.value = config
+      dialogVisible.value = true
+      dialogResolve = resolve
+    })
+  }
+
+  function resolveDialog(value: string | boolean) {
+    dialogVisible.value = false
+    dialogResolve?.(value)
+    dialogResolve = null
+  }
+
+  async function alert(title: string, msg: string, icon?: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    return showDialog({ icon, title, msg, buttons: ['好'] }).then(() => true)
+  }
+
+  async function confirm(
+    title: string, msg: string,
+    opts: { ok?: string; danger?: boolean; icon?: string } = {}
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    const result = await showDialog({
+      icon: opts.icon, title, msg,
+      ok: opts.ok || '确定', danger: opts.danger,
+    })
+    return result === 'ok' || result === true
+  }
+
+  async function prompt(title: string, msg: string, defaultValue?: string): Promise<string | null> {
+    const result = await showDialog({
+      title, msg: msg + (defaultValue ? `\n\n默认值：${defaultValue}` : ''),
+      ok: '确定',
+    })
+    return typeof result === 'string' ? result : null
+  }
+
+  return {
+    // menu
+    menuVisible, menuItems, menuPosition, menuSub,
+    showMenu, hideMenu, showContextMenu,
+    // dialog
+    dialogVisible, dialogConfig,
+    showDialog, resolveDialog,
+    alert, confirm, prompt,
+  }
+})
diff --git a/src/stores/wm.ts b/src/stores/wm.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfaec27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/stores/wm.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/**
+ * wmStore — 窗口管理器状态
+ * 替代 useWM.ts 中的状态管理部分（windows / activeWin / zTop / cascade）
+ * 注意：窗口 DOM 创建/拖拽/缩放逻辑保留在 useWM.ts 中
+ */
+import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
+import { ref, reactive } from 'vue'
+import { emitter } from '@/composables/useEventBus'
+import { useSettingsStore } from './settings'
+import type { Rect, WinState, WinStateType } from '@/types/window'
+
+export const useWMStore = defineStore('wm', () => {
+  const windows: WinState[] = reactive([])
+  const activeWin = ref<WinState | null>(null)
+  const zTop = ref(100)
+  const cascadeCount = ref(0)
+
+  // ---- 辅助 ----
+  function usableRect(): Rect {
+    const s = useSettingsStore().settings
+    const r: Rect = { x: 0, y: 30, w: window.innerWidth, h: window.innerHeight - 30 }
+    if (!s.dockAutohide) {
+      const dockH = (s.dockSize || 48) + 26
+      if (s.dockPosition === 'bottom') r.h -= dockH
+      else if (s.dockPosition === 'left') { r.x += dockH; r.w -= dockH }
+      else r.w -= dockH
+    }
+    return r
+  }
+
+  function windowsForApp(appId: string): WinState[] {
+    return windows.filter(w => w.appId === appId)
+  }
+
+  // ---- 窗口操作 ----
+  function addWindow(win: WinState) {
+    windows.push(win)
+  }
+
+  function removeWindow(winId: string) {
+    const idx = windows.findIndex(w => w.id === winId)
+    if (idx >= 0) windows.splice(idx, 1)
+  }
+
+  function focus(winId: string) {
+    const win = windows.find(w => w.id === winId)
+    if (!win) return
+    if (win.state === 'minimized') restore(winId)
+    if (activeWin.value?.id === winId) {
+      if (win.el) win.el.style.zIndex = String(++zTop.value)
+      return
+    }
+    if (activeWin.value) activeWin.value.el?.classList.add('inactive')
+    activeWin.value = win
+    win.el?.classList.remove('inactive')
+    if (win.el) win.el.style.zIndex = String(++zTop.value)
+    emitter.emit('wm:focus', win)
+    emitter.emit('wm:changed')
+  }
+
+  function minimize(winId: string) {
+    const win = windows.find(w => w.id === winId)
+    if (!win || win.state === 'fullscreen') return
+    ;(win as any).stateBeforeMin = win.state
+    win.state = 'minimized'
+    win.el?.classList.add('minimized')
+    if (activeWin.value?.id === winId) {
+      const rest = windows.filter(w => w.state !== 'minimized')
+      activeWin.value = null
+      if (rest.length) focus(rest[rest.length - 1].id)
+      else emitter.emit('wm:focus', null)
+    }
+    emitter.emit('wm:changed')
+  }
+
+  function restore(winId: string) {
+    const win = windows.find(w => w.id === winId)
+    if (!win) return
+    win.state = ((win.stateBeforeMin && win.stateBeforeMin !== 'minimized') ? win.stateBeforeMin : 'normal') as WinStateType
+    win.el?.classList.remove('minimized')
+    focus(winId)
+    emitter.emit('wm:changed')
+  }
+
+  function applyRect(win: WinState) {
+    const r = win.rect
+    if (win.el) Object.assign(win.el.style, {
+      left: r.x + 'px', top: r.y + 'px',
+      width: r.w + 'px', height: r.h + 'px',
+    })
+  }
+
+  function toggleZoom(winId: string) {
+    const win = windows.find(w => w.id === winId)
+    if (!win || win.state === 'fullscreen') return
+    if (win.state === 'minimized') restore(winId)
+    if (win.state === 'zoomed') {
+      win.rect = { ...win.prevRect! }
+      win.state = 'normal'
+    } else {
+      win.prevRect = { ...win.rect }
+      const u = usableRect()
+      win.rect = { x: u.x + 4, y: u.y + 4, w: u.w - 8, h: u.h - 8 }
+      win.state = 'zoomed'
+    }
+    applyRect(win)
+  }
+
+  function setTitle(winId: string, title: string) {
+    const win = windows.find(w => w.id === winId)
+    if (!win) return
+    win.title = title
+    if (win.titleEl) {
+      const t = win.titleEl.querySelector('.t')
+      if (t) t.textContent = title
+    }
+  }
+
+  function clampAll() {
+    const u = usableRect()
+    for (const w of windows) {
+      if (w.state === 'fullscreen' || w.state === 'minimized') continue
+      w.rect.x = Math.max(u.x, Math.min(w.rect.x, u.x + u.w - 80))
+      w.rect.y = Math.max(u.y, Math.min(w.rect.y, u.y + u.h - 40))
+      applyRect(w)
+    }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    windows, activeWin, zTop, cascadeCount,
+    usableRect, windowsForApp,
+    addWindow, removeWindow, focus, minimize, restore,
+    applyRect, toggleZoom, setTitle, clampAll,
+  }
+})
diff --git a/src/system/index.ts b/src/system/index.ts
index bad4508..1887215 100644
--- a/src/system/index.ts
+++ b/src/system/index.ts
@@ -161,20 +161,5 @@ export function initSystem() {
   Sys.boot()
 }
 
-// Expose globals for compatibility
-;(window as any).Sys = Sys
-;(window as any).Notify = Notify
-;(window as any).Spotlight = Spotlight
-;(window as any).WM = wm
-;(window as any).UI = ui
-;(window as any).FS = fs
-;(window as any).Apps = Apps
-;(window as any).Bus = bus
-;(window as any).Store = store
-;(window as any).WALLPAPERS = WALLPAPERS
-;(window as any).$ = $
-;(window as any).$$ = $$
-;(window as any).el = el
-;(window as any).esc = esc
-;(window as any).clamp = clamp
-;(window as any).iconImg = iconImg
+// 各模块通过 store/composable 访问，不再挂载到 window 全局
+// 如需在其他位置使用，请通过 import { useXxxStore } from '@/stores/xxx' 访问
diff --git a/src/types/app.ts b/src/types/app.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bf1560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/types/app.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// ============ 应用 ============
+
+export interface MenuItem {
+  label?: string
+  key?: string
+  checked?: boolean
+  disabled?: boolean
+  submenu?: MenuItem[]
+  action?: () => void
+  sep?: boolean
+  icon?: string
+}
+
+export interface AppDefinition {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  icon: string
+  w?: number
+  h?: number
+  minW?: number
+  minH?: number
+  singleton?: boolean
+  about?: string
+  noResize?: boolean
+  storeApp?: boolean
+  onArgs?: (args: any, win: any) => void
+  menus?: (win: any) => MenuItem[]
+  render?: (win: any, args?: any) => void
+}
diff --git a/src/types/fs.ts b/src/types/fs.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb0b0f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/types/fs.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// ============ 虚拟文件系统 ============
+
+export interface FSNode {
+  t: 'd' | 'f' | 'a'
+  c?: Record<string, FSNode>
+  data?: string
+  mtime: number
+  mime?: string
+  app?: string
+  origPath?: string
+}
+
+export interface FSEntry {
+  name: string
+  path: string
+  node: FSNode
+}
diff --git a/src/types/notify.ts b/src/types/notify.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3f5e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/types/notify.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// ============ 通知 ============
+
+export interface Notification {
+  id: string
+  appId: string
+  title: string
+  body: string
+  ts: number
+  read: boolean
+  icon: string
+}
diff --git a/src/types/settings.ts b/src/types/settings.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6007c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/types/settings.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// ============ 系统设置 ============
+
+export interface Wallpaper {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  src: string
+  dark?: string
+}
+
+export interface SystemSettings {
+  appearance: string; wallpaper: string; accent: string
+  reduceTransparency: boolean; reduceMotion: boolean; increaseContrast: boolean
+  dockSize: number; dockMagnify: boolean; dockMagnifyLevel: number; dockPosition: string; dockAutohide: boolean
+  brightness: number; nightShift: boolean; nightShiftStrength: number
+  volume: number; muted: boolean
+  wifi: boolean; bluetooth: boolean; airdrop: boolean; focus: boolean; vpn: boolean
+  userName: string; avatar: string
+  passwordEnabled: boolean; password: string
+  screensaverType: string; screensaverDelay: number
+  h24: boolean; language: string; region: string; firstDayMonday: boolean
+  searchEngine: string; computerName: string
+  siriApps: boolean; siriFiles: boolean; siriSettings: boolean
+  loginItems: Record<string, boolean>; notifAllow: Record<string, boolean>
+  notificationsEnabled: boolean
+  timezone: string
+  wifiNetwork: string
+  btDevices: Record<string, any>
+  kbRepeat: number; kbDelay: number; mouseSpeed: number
+  finderView: string; finderSort: string
+}
diff --git a/src/types/ui.ts b/src/types/ui.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c953241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/types/ui.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// ============ 对话框 ============
+
+export interface DialogConfig {
+  icon?: string
+  title: string
+  msg: string
+  buttons?: string[]
+  ok?: string
+  danger?: boolean
+}
diff --git a/src/types/window.ts b/src/types/window.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59e6ea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/types/window.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// ============ 窗口状态 ============
+
+export interface Rect {
+  x: number
+  y: number
+  w: number
+  h: number
+}
+
+export type WinStateType = 'normal' | 'minimized' | 'zoomed' | 'fullscreen'
+
+export interface WinState {
+  id: string
+  appId: string
+  app: any
+  title: string
+  icon: string
+  rect: Rect
+  prevRect: Rect | null
+  minW: number
+  minH: number
+  state: WinStateType
+  onClose: (() => void) | null
+  data: any
+  noResize: boolean
+  el: HTMLElement | null
+  body: HTMLElement | null
+  titleEl: HTMLElement | null
+  timers: ReturnType<typeof setInterval | typeof setTimeout>[]
+  appState?: any
+  confirmClose?: (done: () => void, cancel: () => void) => void
+  closePromise?: Promise<string> | null
+  _closed?: boolean
+  stateBeforeMin?: string
+  stateBeforeFs?: string
+}